Memo: Understanding the Telecommunications Revolution Essay

We are developing a product that would revolutionize the way we use telecommunications. Picture a cell phone that uses 3d graphics to communicate with someone by simply clicking on the video- camera-function that is found on all smartphones. This cell phone will transform simple phone usage to virtual encounters that will enhance our current and future customer’s lives. The plan is to have this android smartphone be available to the consumer market as of 2015. In order for this to happen we, first, will have to look at the quality cost of this product. Quality cost will play an important factor in making this phone successful. There are a total of three quality costs that we must address for this product. The costs include appraisal, failure, and prevention. Prevention cost assist with checking products for failures. Prevention Costs The first category of costs is prevention costs. These are the costs that a company incurs to ensure that product failures of varius kinds do not occur either during the production process or when in the hands of a customer. These costs can also be incurred to ensure that there are fewer process-related failures. These are discretionary costs, for a company’s management may choose not to expend any funds on prevention activities (though there will be an offsetting increase in failure costs). Examples of prevention costs are as follows: Administration of quality-related activities – Some staff time is required to plan for and administer quality-related prevention activities. The cost of this labor should be supplemented by the cost of related benefits and payroll taxes. Education – Avery significant expense is the preparation of training materials, the cost of trainers and training facilities, and (the largest expense of all) the labor cost of all employees attending the training. This is a key prevention activity, and will be one of the largest costs in the prevention category. New product trial costs – For those organizations releasing new products, having customers test product designs is a central method for ensuring a high quality of design. Accordingly, the costs of products given to customers and survey administration can be clustered into this subcategory. Preventive maintenance – Ensuring that machinery is capable of running when needed is a key prevention activity. This includes the costs of maintenance personnel engaged in preventive maintenance, as well as any related materials and administrative costs. Preventive maintenance scheduling software – The just-noted preventive maintenance activities can be more easily accomplished if there is maintenance software available that tracks the last time such maintenance was conducted and how heavily a machine has been used since that time, and that schedules additional maintenance based on those two factors. Procedure and instruction development – A major prevention activity is the creation of machine operation instructions and other procedures that give employees complete information about how to conduct their jobs. With this information in hand, there is much less chance that any steps in the production process will be mishandled, resulting in quality problems. The cost of this subcategory includes the initial investigation of activities, procedure development, and distribution of the resulting materials. Supplier qualification assessments – Products cannot have a high quality level unless the supplier parts comprising them have high quality standards. The cost of all employee time spent in reviewing and assessing the output of suppliers must fall into this category. Tool design reviews – If a company uses a number of custom tools to create products, then those tools must be carefully reviewed in terms of their ability to produce parts at minimum specification levels, as well as their ability to do so consistently and with minimal failure rates. The costs of these reviews and any resulting tool revision costs must fall into this category. Warranty reviews – One form of prevention is to closely review all customer warranty claims in order to discern clues regarding what product problems can be prevented at the company before they can reach customers. The cost of this review and any subsequent investigation of possible problems should fall into this subcategory. Appraisal Cost The second category of costs is appraisal costs. These are the costs incurred to measure products, the material components used in products, and the processes used to manufacture products. These activities are designed to reduce the number of defective products shipped to customers. These are different from prevention costs, in that they attempt to improve quality strictly through increased inspection activities. These are also discretionary costs, for a company does not have to use any appraisal activities whatsoever—though eliminating them will increase the number of low quality products shipped to customers. Examples of appraisal costs are as follows: Incoming component testing – If there are particularly troublesome problems with materials received from suppliers, then a company may have initiated an extensive effort to review a large proportion of those materials, which will result in costs not only for testing personnel, but also for any materials that are destroyed during the testing process. Material appraisal – It is common for the quality control staff to remove items from various stages of the production process for testing purposes. If the removed materials are destroyed during testing, then the cost of these materials should be recorded as an appraisal cost. Outsourced laboratory testing – Some of the tests conducted on materials are of such a specialized nature that a company finds it to be more cost-effective to send them to an outside laboratory for review. The fees of such laboratories should be charged to this cost subcategory. Process appraisal – The appraisal process is not confined to materials reviews. It is also necessary to periodically analyze how well the production and supporting processes are functioning; the staff time devoted to this activity should be charged to this cost subcategory. Prototype appraisal – The quality staff can spot problems with new products before they are produced by examining a variety of quality-related issues on prototype products. The cost of testing and destruction of prototypes should be grouped into this cost subcategory. Testing equipment calibration – The testing equipment used by the quality staff must be periodically recalibrated to ensure its accuracy. This task is frequently performed by certified outside calibration services, which makes it easier to identify their fees and charge them to this cost subcategory. Testing equipment – Depending on the kinds of quality tests performed, the types of testing equipment needed can be very expensive. If the cost of this equipment falls below a company’s capitalization limit, then the entire cost can be charged straight to this subcategory. If higher, then the associated deprecation expense should be charged here. Internal Failure Cost The third category of costs is internal failure costs. These are costs incurred as a result of discovering product defects prior to shipment. At that time, products can be taken out of the production or warehouse areas, repaired or scrapped, and placed back in the production process if possible. There are a number of related costs that accompany these activities that make this a very expensive cost category. Examples of internal failure costs are as follows: Correction of related paperwork – When a product failure occurs internally, resulting in rework or scrap, there are a number of resulting paperwork activities. One is that the production scheduling staff must schedule new production to replace the items removed from production. Also, the eliminated items must be reported to the purchasing staff, so that they can order replacement materials. Further, the accounting staff must determine the cost of the scrap or rework and record it in the financial records. The staff time required to complete all of these activities should be recorded here. Lost profit on products sold as seconds – When a company finds that it has products of a sufficiently low quality that they cannot be sold through normal sales channels, it may elect to sell them at a discount, rather than expend extra rework effort to bring them up to a higher quality standard. If so, the loss in profits that occurs when these products are sold at the lower price point should be recorded in this subcategory as a cost or a sales discount. Machinery downtime – When internal product failures are discovered, machinery downtime can be caused for two reasons. One is that the machines are now needed to rework defective product, which keeps them from being used to create new product. Also, the cause of the internal failures may be the machinery, which requires some downtime while they are investigated and repaired. In either case, the cost of the machinery downtime should be charged to this cost subcategory. Redesign – If a product continues to have high quality error rates over time, the problem may not be in the manufacturing process at all, but rather in the underlying product design. If so, the engineering staff will require extra time to develop a new design and test it to ensure that all quality problems have been resolved. The engineering time charged to this work should be summarized into this cost subcategory, as well as the costs of any inventory that will become obsolete as a result of design changes. Re-inspection and testing – Once a product has been reworked, it must be inspected and tested to ensure that it now meets quality specifications, which requires extra staff time. Repurchasing – When products are scrapped, the purchasing staff may need to repurchase the components needed to create replacement products. The cost of the time needed to do this can be recorded separately here, or in the ‘‘corrections to related paperwork’’ subcategory that is noted earlier in this list. Rework – Depending on the extent of product rework required, there may be a separate staff devoted to this activity. If not, then production workers must be drawn from the production line (thereby taking time away from the production of other products) to perform this work. In either case, the cost of their time is charged to this account. There may also be a charge for the use of any machinery required to perform rework tasks. Safety stock – If there is a significant volume of internal product failure, the management team may think it necessary to keep on hand large quantities of extra components to make up the shortfall of components that would otherwise occur due to the scrapping of low-quality products. There is an interest cost associated with the investment in this extra inventory, as well as storage, insurance, and obsolescence costs that can be accumulated into this cost subcategory. Scrap – Some products may be of such a low quality level that they cannot be reworked, and so must be thrown away. However, some of these costs may be recouped by the income from sale of the scrap (if this is possible). For high-cost products, this is a very expensive subcategory of internal failure costs. Supplier claims processing – When internal failure costs are traced to supplier quality problems, a company must not only ship back defective supplier parts, but also process claims against the offending suppliers, so that it will not have to pay for the low-quality parts. This claims processing step can be an administrative headache, and an expensive one where there are many supplier-caused quality problems. External Failure Cost The final category of costs is external failure costs – These are the costs incurred when low-quality products are shipped to customers. This tends to be the most difficult quality cost area to measure, because it is difficult to quantify some customer related costs (as noted in the following bullet points). There is general agreement among quality experts that these costs are the most expensive of all the various cost of-quality categories, for the loss of customers due to low quality can have a catastrophic impact on an organization’s profitability. Examples of external failure costs are as follows: Customer surveys – A company may conduct customer surveys for the sole reason that it needs feedback about the quality of products issued to them. If this is the only reason for creating and operating a survey (as opposed to one that is used by the marketing department for product positioning and pricing purposes), then the cost of the survey can be charged to this account. Customer-imposed penalties – Customers who use a company’s output in their products may have considerable concerns about the quality of incoming components and will reinforce these concerns with their suppliers by charging penalties for poor-quality production. If so, these penalties should certainly be segregated into a separate account, so that management can easily determine their extent. Invoice adjustments – The cost of processing alterations to customer invoices can be very time-consuming, especially when there are a large volume of customer returns, for each transaction tends to be a unique one that requires a great deal of time. If this activity requires a significant amount of time, the associated cost can be stored separately in this account; if not, it may be rolled into the ‘‘Processing customer returns’’ account (as noted later in this list). Loss of customers – This is the potentially largest cost in the external failure cost category. It can be quantified by tracking those customers who are no longer buying from the company, contacting them to determine whether low quality was the reason, and then calculating the lost profit based on sales to those customers in the preceding year. Though the resulting figure will not tie to any cost recorded through a traditional accounting system, the opportunity cost of sales lost should still be itemized in this account, due to its potential size. Loss of reputation – A potentially very large expense is the reduction in a company’s reputation when it continually sells ow-quality products. This is a very difficult cost to calculate or even estimate, so most companies do not use this cost account, preferring instead to simply itemize the potential for this cost in the narrative sections of their quality cost reports. Processing customer returns – Whenever a customer returns a product, the receiving staff must complete special paperwork on it, store it in a special location, have it reviewed by a quality control team, and disposition it in accordance with their instructions, while the accounting staff must process a credit to the customer. The costs of all these activities should be charged to this account. Product recall insurance – If a company has a history of conducting product recalls, it may be necessary to reduce its risk of incurring further recall-related costs by procuring a product recall insurance policy. However, this can be a very expensive policy to obtain, especially if there is a recent recall history. The cost is certainly high enough to place in its own separate account. Product recall – If a company finds that quality problems with a product are sufficiently extensive, it can recall them. There are many costs when this happens, including payment for the inbound freight costs for returned products, the cost of reworking defective products, the cost of issuing replacement products, and the administrative overhead associated with these tasks. This can be an inordinately expensive cost subcategory. Supplier warranty claim processing – When customers return products, there is a good chance that the cause of their complaints is issues with product components that were sold to the company by its suppliers. If so, the company must expend considerable effort in filling out warranty claim forms to send to its suppliers in order to obtain reimbursement for shoddy components. These administrative costs should be charged to this account. Warranty claim administration – When there are many product returns from customers, a company will find it necessary to create a full-time warranty claims department. The cost of the staff for this department, as well as all associated overhead costs, should be charged to this account.

Mha 601

Name: Erika Hernandez MHA601:    Principles of Health Care Administration Professor: Alisa Wagner Date: March 4, 2013 Avoiding Errors in Healthcare Management The health care organizations, managers develop new ways to address these errors among the postmodern and complexity adaptive systems (CAS). Managers must develop strategies for advantages of learning that if change is applied to our management skills in which is being implemented by the postmodern and complexity adaptive systems to become production. They are being faced with many challenges in any situation at our everyday employment or job setting.They must be able to determine what is correct when making decisions while knowing and learning to do what is right for the health care organization. In this assignment, I will cover the ten error scenarios and the explanation on why they are errors in healthcare management organizations. The first error that I will explain is failing to accountability for employee to learn safe machine operation methods by experimenting on their own. This error will allow them to exclude a step by step process, which a step by step process is what makes the organization operate at its best.I believe that the employees will benefit and develop their own way of processing these machines operations to better their job performance. Keeping a minimum routine can reduce the quality of product. The second error is training all employees with the same orientation program regardless of the cultural interpretation. In the United States, we live in a huge diverse world as time changes and also we retrieve the information given to us differently as well as how we interpret the information. The main point of managers is not to compare or contrast any situation, but to correct the way of everyone’s training.Our text mentions, postmodern and complexity adaptive system that both of them address problems between what people observe and what they think things should be. The next erro r is disciplining one employee, expecting a modest change in behaviour but getting a union response. The quality of relationships within a healthcare organization may be more important than the quality of the people, because healthcare organizations are essentially relational in their structures, processes, and functions (Stroebel, 2005).Healthcare organization relies greatly on the influence of the employees to establish a great relationship within the organization. An example would be having a great relationship with the patients and families as well. Another error is changing a work process without considering the role of communities of practice on the work performance. In this error, the employee with a disciplining can be a reflection of a change in the work place setting. We as managers must develop strategies on any change without the employees initiating and the outcome could be to better the organization.Healthcare management plays a huge important role that for them to kno w what their role is and how to execute their role and to receive the best outcome is hard work. The next error that I will discuss in addressing is assuming that employees will not reallocate work assignments based on their perception of the best arrangement even after receiving work allocation assignments from managements. If managers do not receive the correct information in the allocated time, they do not understand the dynamic of satisfying our clients.Being organized is the most important thing that can be handled properly to assure the best way for our organization. Another error is ignoring the speed of informal messages as they fail to manage rumours in a productive manner. We can provide an environment of psychological safety that will help workers develop an attitude toward innovation that enables them to act with a presumption of personal and professional confidence (Edmondson, 1996). This error can mean generating a negative energy throughout the health care organizatio n and by providing positive environments can create positive production.The next error is failing to treat the organization’s dominant logic as an emergent property of the system, instead treating it as something that can be imposed on the system. In this error, we must prepare ourselves of what is we are going to receive as sometimes we do not want to know what the outcome really would be. In our hospital, we are having some of these errors that now they are being planned to better our organization for the best of the employees. Next, we have looking for one bad apple in a group as a strategy for improving work quality while the quality of output may be an emergent property of the group can also be an error.This can lead to paying attention to the irrelevant things that exist in the organization. For example, we set up control systems and end up watching the control system instead of the systems (Weick, 1985). The fact that the release of the any new product may change the m arket in such a way as it makes the market analysis incorrect. Our world is continuously change the ability to respond creatively to market analysis can lead to unexpected situations either to any healthcare setting organizations.I think by creating an environment where the whole people would feel free to discuss both the positive and negative outcomes of unintended events, and where the sharing of ideas is seen as a way to leverage new things in unexpected ways. Complexity science and postmodernism concentrate on â€Å"transforming the space of the possible. †    (Johnson, 2010). The last error of discussion is offering a premium to internal workers for extra production without expecting the change in rewards structure to affect relationship with suppliers.This is an error that provides incentives for the internal workers to provide production. Great managers are about making changes to bring the best out of our workers and giving them a pat on the back as to showing them what a good job they have been doing and recognizing their employees. Considering different ways on expecting and assuming what is giving this can open the organization up to better planning in the future. In conclusion, these ten scenarios as errors can lead to critical concerns within an organization that managers must develop strategies for advantages of learning.Managing healthcare organization requires being creative and helping people to do good things. Any decision making can be a key component to operating a great healthcare organization. As the change is applied to our organization the management skills will be implemented to the postmodern and complexity adaptive systems to become productive in the organization. References Edmondson, A. C. (1996). Learning from mistakes is easier said than done: Group and organizational influences on the detection and correction of human error. J Applied Behavior Science. 32(1):5–28. Johnson, J. A. (2010).Health organizations:    Theory, behavior, & development. Boston: Jones and Bartlett. ISBN: 9780763750534 Weick, K. E. (1985). Cosmos vs. chaos: Sense and nonsense in electronic contexts. Organ Dyn. 14(2):51–64 Bird, K. , Kundu, A. & de Lujan Perez, G. (2010). Using Deming’s principles to create the next generation of healthcare leaders. The Journal for Quality and Participation, 33(2), 15. Retrieved from the ProQuest database. Swedish, J. (2009). Leadership: Meeting the demands of the times. Frontiers of Health Services Management, 26(2), 31. Retrieved from the ProQuest database.

Similarities Between Confucius And The Great Scholar...

Imagine yourself in Ancient China where you are told you can only do things a certain way. One must look very deeply into the Ancient Chinese governments to see that it is influenced greatly by the great scholar Confucius. Do we see these influences in today’s systems of governments? Confucius had many different areas of focus but we can whittle that down to three areas. The three main areas of Confucius are all seen in some way in the Ancient Chinese governments. The first point in Confucius s three main points is the importance of family. Confucius stressed that family is composed of many types of relationships within the family. These relationships are: parent and child, husband and wife, and elder brother and younger brother. The relationship between the elder brother and younger brother is a simple one, but it can easily be overlooked. The relationship between parent and child is one of the ones most emphasized by Confucius. Confucius uses the idea of Filial Piety, the re spect of a child for his or her parents, to stress the importance of this relationship. Confucius is also known for the idea that â€Å"if the interests of one’s ruler and one’s parents conflicted, one’s support of the parent came first† this is according to the book, page 48. Confucius also has the belief that everyone is born into the world as good. Last but not least, is the relationship between husband and wife. In Lessons for Women by Ban Zhao, Ban Zhao lists many different maxims that led to aShow MoreRelatedConfucianism vs Taoism Essay953 Words   |  4 PagesThe Teachings of Confucius versus the Tao Te Ching The teachings of Confucius and the Tao Te Ching are two important schools of thought in China. In Confucius’s Analects, he talks mostly of political and social issues and also speaks about how people must govern by following rules and displaying virtuous qualities such as honesty and integrity. 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Getting the Best Generic Scholarship Essay Samples

Getting the Best Generic Scholarship Essay Samples If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Generic Scholarship Essay Samples Other than being mindful of what you wear and the way you project yourself, it would likewise be good if you're conscious of what you say. By conveying fantastic character, you will give them some assurance which you will reflect well on them later on. The 2nd most significant step in getting accepted by a college scholarship is the interview and the end result will be dependent on how much you're ready for it. The 30-Second Trick for Generic Scholarship Essay Samples Apply to as many as you are able to. A scholarship essayis part of ascholarship application. Say, you would like to be applicable to your parent's company scholarship. Finding the Best Generic Scholarship Essay Samples Have another individual preferably a person who knows the difference look over your essay after you've finished. Without knowing suitable essay making, your l ikelihood of going into an excellent college are slim. With our essay help you may be certain nobody shall get a better mark for the work than you. If your primary purpose is to compose a winning essay that's selected to obtain scholarship money then you're likely to need to wow the readers with something distinctive and inspiring. Scholarship essay writing is really a struggle with just one winner who receives the prize. It is not a paper where you can forgive yourself misspellings or formatting inaccuracy. It is an important type of essay for academic students. Writing a scholarship essay is problematic for students if they made a decision to make it like a best one. Along with the leisure there's an opportunity of monetary benefit. 1 size won't fit all. Your future is extremely important. Other main issue is we have to incorporate all sorts of scholarships someone can get from various sources for various programs. 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Things Fall Apart Paper - 1409 Words

Yiran Meng Things Fall Apart paper 12/1/2011 Umuofia is a primitive and polytheist clan in Nigeria. People in the tribe uphold their own system of tradition, taboo and justice. Several gods that influence all aspect of the members’ life are worshiped, and profane conducts are punished severely. People are not concerned about their personal interests, as they help each other altruistically. As a matter of fact, all the people in the tribe live harmoniously. However, as Achebe depicts in the second part of Things Fall Apart, everything in the clan falls apart due to the appearance of British missionaries. When Christianity is first spread in the tribes, the converts are mostly people who are not valued in the tribe, yet more and more†¦show more content†¦Also, during the funeral of an important old man, Okonkwo breaks the â€Å"law† by killing a young man inadvertently, which results in his exile to his motherland. Even though Okonkwo is an impetuous man, he doesnt show any resistance to the decision. The r everence to the tradition and deity in the tribe is explicitly illustrated in the two instances. People also have their own court to reconcile conflicts among the members and make juridical decisions. It is these traditions and religion that hold the whole tribe together, as they have the same laws and beliefs; and because of the isolation of the tribes, there are rarely elements added to or amending the traditions. Also due to the isolation of the clan, it is hard for members in the tribe to imagine the deliberate violation of the traditions. However, the missionaries then appear. At first, people give them the evil forest to build the church, for they think this damned place can restrain the dissemination of the new religion. However, nothing happens to the missionaries after twenty-eight days. Some of the clan men now believe the unique power of Christianity, so â€Å"that week they (the missionaries) won a handful more converts†(151), and it is clan men’s superstit ion that lead to this result. Also, the church leader uses appropriate methods to successfully win more converts. Mr. Brown builds a school and hospital in the clan, and encourages people to study in the schoolShow MoreRelatedThings Fall Apart Reaction Paper1420 Words   |  6 PagesThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe English II Submitted by: G11 David, Kim Patricia Y. II – Helium Submitted to: Mrs. Zenaida S. Garcia – Nicolas Submitted on: August 6, 2012 Things Fall Apart Take-Home Test 1.) a.) Ikemefuna is Umuofia’s hostage from Mbaino who was put under Okonkwo’s care for three straight years. He lived with Okonkwo’s family and became close to Nwoye, Okonkwo’s eldest son. He calls and treats Okonkwo as his real father. 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Feasibility of prussian blue powder as pigment for whiteboard marker free essay sample

Communication is a vital activity performed by human. Writing the message is the easiest as well as most effective way to do it. In this case, use of effective writing material such as ink is crucial. Nowadays, ink is used along different medium of vessel, whether a quill, a pen or a marker. One of many type, is used on white resin boards called whiteboard ink or erasable ink. It is a type of ink that can be erased or removed even after it is written on a smooth surface like plastic or resin but becomes permanent on paper. Whiteboard ink is very useful but it is also expensive and can be only availed at large supply store and supermarkets. In addition, some people who use whiteboard markers complain of the strong odor associated in the ink which is equipped with different unknown chemicals. Other study also reveals that fumes from whiteboard markers when inhaled and abused leads to intoxication and sometimes addiction. On the other hand, some whiteboard ink causes problem in clean up since other ink brand is difficult to remove and leave stains on the resin board. But despite such concerns, continued patronage of such product is inevitable. To address such concerns, the researchers opted to determine the feasibility of using less expensive and potentially less toxic materials as substitute for ink for whiteboard marker. The researchers decided to focus on using Prussian Blue powder (PBP) or â€Å"TINA† as source of pigment for whiteboard marker ink in the conduct of the study. Statement of the Problem This study aims to determine the feasibility of using Prussian Blue (PBP-TINA) as main ingredient in whiteboard marker ink. Specifically, the study answers the following questions: 1. Is the Prussian Blue powder (TINA) an effective source of whiteboard marker ink in terms of the following: a. Color test (stability and visibility) b. Eraser test (ability to be erased) c. Odor test d. Fluidity or texture test (does it scatter, is it absorb by the board? ) e. Drying time (rate of evaporation) 2. What significant change in properties of prepared Prussian Blue Powder (PBP) ink was observed on the following concentration used: a. Acetone-based PBP ink b. Alcohol-based PBP ink c. Alcohol-Acetone-based PBP ink 3. Is there a significant difference in the effectiveness of Prussian Blue powder (TINA) and the commercial whiteboard marker in terms of: a. Color test (stability and visibility) b. Eraser test (ability to be erased) c. Odor test d. Fluidity or texture test (does it scatter, is it absorb by the board? ) e. Drying time (rate of evaporation) Significance of the Study This study hopes to benefit the following: USERS/CONSUMERS: To provide individuals like teachers, students, office-workers and the likes who use whiteboard marker an alternative source of whiteboard marker ink which is more cost effective, less toxic and easy to access/readily available within the household. ENVIRONMENT/HEALTH To produce a less toxic and environment friendly source of whiteboard marker ink. RESEARCHERS To provide information that can be further improve by other researchers in the future and will add factual concepts that may serve as basis for review of literature. ECONOMY To create an ink that may be used in whiteboard marker that may be reproduced and tested for potential market. Scope and Limitations of the Study This study utilized the use of Prussian Blue powder (PBP) or â€Å"TINA†, lampblack alcohol and acetone as ingredients for the production of whiteboard marker ink. The researchers limits the study on the discussion of the effectiveness of prepared Prussian Blue powder (PBP) or â€Å"TINA† ink as compared to commercial whiteboard ink in terms of color test, eraser test, odor test, fluidity test, drying time, shelf life. The researchers test the ink’s effectiveness through the use of Pilot WKB marker and/or Artline EK-509AKL refillable whiteboard markers as the vessel of the ink for the duration of one week. The researchers randomly selected 8 Secondary Level Teachers which comprises twenty percent (20%) out of 38 teachers from Paliparan II National High School-Congressional Annex as respondents who will test the effectiveness of Prussian Blue powder (TINA) ink. The teacher will evaluate the ink’s effectiveness with the help of researcher constructed checklist-survey questionnaire composed of twenty-four (24) questions paired with descriptors. The study was conducted at P2NHS-Congressional Annex for the school year 2013-2014. Ink formulation, experimentation and data gathering was accomplished in the duration of two months. CHAPTER II CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK This section presents the related literatures, related studies, research paradigm and definition of terms specifically used in the study. INK Ink is a liquid or paste mixed with pigments, either from synthetic or natural pigment, and is used to color a surface to produce an image, text or design. Since ink allow written language easier to read by providing a more a vibrant and clear image or text compared to pencil it also preserve these characters through time which made ink as a useful tool for record keeping and history recording. Ink is usually composed of complex mediums, which consist of solvents, pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants, solubilizers, surfactants, particulate matter and many other materials. These materials greatly affect or control the ink’s characteristics such as flow and thickness of ink as well as its appearance when it dries. WHITEBOARD MARKER Whiteboard marker also called as dry-erase or non-permanent marker is a writing tool that uses an erasable ink. It is made to be used on slick, non-porous writing surface, for temporary writing with overhead projectors as well as whiteboards and the likes. Whiteboard markers are permanent, however, if used on any surface that absorbs liquid such as paper and cloth. It was invented by Jerry Woolf and later patented by Pilot pen in 1975. One main advantage of this marker is that it less likely to cause allergic reaction compared to use of chalk. Whiteboard marker also come in different colors to promote creativity among users. WHITEBOARD INK Whiteboard ink also known as dry-erase or erasable ink is a mixture commonly composed of alcohol (SD alcohol-40, isopropanol, diacetone, etc. ) and resin. This ink resembles a permanent marker as it also serves the same purpose, except that whiteboard ink is erasable or can be removed when used on a nonporous surface. Concerns on the toxicity of whiteboard ink are based from the formula of a specific brand. The most dangerous versions contain the solvents xylene and toluene. Alcohol based markers can be dangerous, but are generally not as toxic as one made with xylene. Eventually, prolonged exposure and inhalation of alcohol or whiteboard ink fume can cause respiratory problem and can cause neurological problem such as poor memory and slow thinking, damage to heart, lungs and kidneys. You can be also addicted to it or even cause â€Å"sudden sniffing death syndrome†. Several ink manufacturers are now developing ink materials which contain natural ink pigment and ink solvents which are known to be less toxic compared to the synthetic materials found on commercial ink. PRUSSIAN BLUE (TINA) Prussian Blue also commonly known as Berlin Blue, Ferric ferrocyanide, Parisian Blue among others, is a dark blue color that is artificially produced in 1706 by a paint maker Diesbach in Berlin and It was named after in 1709 by its first traders, â€Å"Preu? isch blau† and â€Å"Berlinisch Blau† due to its characteristic blue color. It is one of the many first pigments made synthetically and accidentally. Chemically, it has an idealized formula of Fe7(CN)18 or C18Fe7N18 or [Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3] and carries an IUPAC name of iron (II,III) hexacyanoferrate (II,III). It was known to be formed while experimenting with the oxidation of ferrous ferrocynide salts which was accidentally contaminated by potash that instead of producing red pigment, a relatively long lasting and less expensive source of Blue pigment. This substance appears in blue opaque crystals or microcrystalline fine blue powder, it is relatively insoluble but tends to form a colloidl that can pass through fine filters The use of Prussian Blue was popularized by the blue colored uniforms of soldiers, which was very common during World War I. Although, Prussian Blue was no longer the main source for blue color pigment it is still widely used in many purpose such as pigment enhancer on paints, bluish and black inks, laundry bluing, â€Å"traditional blue† in blue prints, because it is easily made, cheap, non-toxic, and intensely colored. It was also known to be used as an antidote for certain kinds of heavy metal poisoning e. g. cesium and thalium, particularly on Goi? nia incident, . Related Studies ___________( ) conducted a study about using Papaya fruit (Carica papaya L. ), mango fruit (Mangifera indica) and Achuete (Bixa orellana) as substitute pigment source for highlighter ink. The inks were rated based on consistency, color and odour and texture after being marked. The study concluded that the test ink can compete with commercial ink in terms of all characteristics, except for the mango and papaya ink which fail to compete in terms of color. ___________( ) of Grade 9 Lapu-Lapu tested the feasibility of using charcoal and used engine oil as alternative whiteboard marker ink. The findings showed that the prepared ink from charcoal and engine oil when compared to commercialized whiteboard marker ink do not share any similarities but more of differences such as color, intensity and erasing quality of the ink on the whiteboard. ___________( ) of Naga City Science High School tested the effectiveness of Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) bark extract to produce a permanent marker ink. The study further prove ___________( ) conducted a study/experiment of making ink from teabags. The research results prove that tea has potential use as pigment in ink. In addition, addition of vinegar and corn starch to the prepared tea-bag solution helps improve the inks color and fluidity. ___________( ) Research Paradigm Figure 1. The process followed in the conduct of the study. Definition of Terms For better understanding, the following terms used in the study are operationally defined: Prussian Blue Powder ink (PBP ink) refers to prepared whiteboard ink made from Prussian Blue powder (TINA) mixed with lampblack and alcohol and/or acetone. Commercial whiteboard ink (CW ink) or Commercially available marker ink refers to commercially available whiteboard ink, this may be Pilot or Artline erasable marker ink. Whiteboard/ board refers to the surface where the ink is tested refers to the board built with white, smooth, glossy surface made from steel and melamine resin Marker refers to whiteboard marker or erasable marker Synthetic ink pigment refers to ink made from synthetic or chemical based pigment Natural ink pigment refers to ink made from pigment from naturally existing pigment or sources like tree barks or fruit extract Toxicity refers to the hazardous or harmful effect of a certain substance to human and environment Vapor / vapour refers to the smell or odor produced by the marker Image refers to the text, graphics or line produced on the whiteboard using the PBP ink and CW ink Porous refers to a material that absorbs liquid Nonporous refers to a material that doesnot absorb liquid Texture refers to the appearance of the ink after it dries Color refers to intensity of color of the ink Drying time refers to rate of evaporation or how fast does the ink dries up when used on the board Erasability refers to the rate of how easy/fast ink can be erased or removed on the board Ink stability refers to the ink’s shelf life and/or ability of the ink to be stored without losing its ink capability DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE The data of this study were collected through the use of a directly administered survey check-list questionnaire equipped with twenty-four (24) questions all pertaining to the effectiveness and feasibility of using Prussian Blue powder (TINA) ink as alternative pigment for whiteboard ink. The survey was created using suitable questions modified from related research and individual questions formed by the researchers. The questionnaire will be given before and after use of the PBP ink. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY Research Design True Experimental Process The researchers conducted series of experiments to produce ink using Prussian Blue powder (TINA), Lampblack and alcohol in two varying concentration. Comparative Analysis through Survey Questionnaire The researchers conducted a survey to assess the effectiveness of the prepared PBP ink compared to CW ink. The respondents rated the ink in terms of color, odor, texture, drying time and cost. Rating scales followed in the survey were one (1) as the lowest factor and (6) as the highest. Sample The researchers utilized Prussian Blue Powder (PBP) or â€Å"TINA†, lampblack (charcoal), ethyl and/or isopropyl alcohol and acetone in varying concentration in the preparation of PBP ink. The respondents were randomly chosen from a pool of teachers from Paliparan II National High School-Congressional High School (PAL2NHS-CNHS Annex). Sampling Technique The researchers utilized random sampling method through fish ball draw in choosing respondents from the list of teachers of Paliparan II National High School, subject area and time of class was not taken as point for comparison. Research Instruments The researchers develop and utilize the use of Survey – Checklist Questionnaire in rating the performance of the prepared ink from Prussian Blue powder (PBP-Tina) ink. Sample Research Instrument FEASIBILITY OF PRUSSIAN BLUE POWDER (PBP) or â€Å"TINA† AS PIGMENT FOR WHITEBOARD INK This research instrument was constructed with the sole purpose of guiding the respondents in rating the performance of the prepared ink from Prussian Blue powder (PBP-Tina) ink. This research instrument is composed of twenty-four (24) questions paired with descriptors that will test the following parameters: a. Effectiveness of Prussian Blue Powder (PBP) or Tina as substitute pigment for white board marker. b. Effectiveness of Prussian Blue Powder -based ink (PBP ink) as whiteboard marker. c. Effectiveness of Prussian Blue Powder (PBP) compared to commercially available whiteboard marker. Part 1. Effectiveness of Prussian Blue Powder (PBP) Ink: Rating Scales or Descriptors: 5 = Very satisfactory 4 =Satisfactory 3 = Fair 2 = Poor 1 = Needs improvement To the respondents: Check the descriptors that suit best your answer. Parameters: Descriptors A. Color Stability and visibility 5 4 3 2 1 a. 1. Does PBP ink visible to the viewer when used to write on the board? sa. 2. Does PBP ink color remain vivid or intensely colored over period of time? (rate the level of color intensity of PBP ink) a. 3. Note problems or issues encountered related to PBP ink color not mentioned above: B. Eraser Test 5 4 3 2 1 b. 1 Does the PBP ink can be easily erased or removed from the board? (refers to the ease of removal of PBP ink on the board) b. 2. Does the PBP ink leave ink marks or residual marks (shadows, lines or ghost marks) after it was erased on the board? b. 3. Note problems or issues encountered related to PBP ink erasability not mentioned above: C. Odor Test 5 4 3 2 1 c. 2 Does PBP ink produce any annoying smell or odor when being used? (Rate PBP odor based on its strength) c. 2 Does PBP ink smell or odor tolerable? c. 3. List down any problems related to PBP smell or odor not mentioned above: D. Fluidity or Texture Test 5 4 3 2 1 d. 1 Does the marker filled with PBP ink writes smoothly on the board? (rate ink base on ease of writing on the board) d. 2 Does the PBP ink produce a smooth lines or strokes of ink on the board? d. 3 Does PBP ink scatter, blot or run when used to write on the board? d. 4 List down problems encountered on the fluidity and texture of PBP ink not mentioned above: E. Drying Time (Rate of Evaporation) 5 4 3 2 1 e. 1 Does PBP ink dries up easily after it is used to write on the board? (rate based on how fast PBP ink dries up) e. 2 List down any problems encountered on the drying time of PBP ink not mentioned above: Part 2. Comparison between Prussian Blue Powder (PBP) ink and Commercially available Whiteboard marker (CW-marker): Using the CW-marker as your basis for comparison describe the PBP ink performance based on the following parameters: To the respondents: Check the descriptors that suit best your answer. Rating Scales or Descriptors: 5 = Very satisfactory 4 =Satisfactory 3 = Fair 2 = Poor 1 = Needs improvement Parameters 5 4 3 2 1 1. Color Test a. Compared to CW-ink rate how does PBP-ink fare in terms of Color Stability. b. Compared to CW-ink rate how does PBP-ink fare in terms of Color Visibility. 2. Eraser Test a. Compared to CW-ink rate how does PBP-ink fare in terms of Ease of erase ability. b. Compared to CW-ink rate how does PBP-ink fare in terms of Residual marks. 3. Odor Test a. Compared to CW-ink rate how does PBP ink fare in terms of Odor intensity b. Compared to CW-ink rate how does PBP ink fare in terms of Odor tolerability. 4. Fluidity Test a. Compared to CW-ink rate how does PBP ink fare in terms of Ease of writing. b. Compared to CW-ink rate how does PBP ink fare in terms of Line produced by ink. c. Compared to CW-ink rate how does PBP ink fare in terms of Blot formation 5. Drying Time (Rate of Evaporation) a. Compared to CW-ink rate how does PBP ink fare in terms of Drying Time Part 3. Comments and Recommendations:

Luther and Kant Visions of Freedom free essay sample

A study into the works of Luther King (Preface to the Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans) and Immanuel Kant (An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?) and the issue of freedom. The paper shows that Martin Luther, in his Preface to the Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans claims that people are free when their actions naturally mimic laws and morality to such an extent that those laws are rendered unnecessary. The paper then shows the opposite view of Immanuel Kant, in his An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? : Freedom for Kant is the ability to wield ones reasoning without restraint in public. The paper explores how a close reading of these two texts reveals that Kants and Luthers views on freedom are actually more similar than different, in fact they are mutually exclusive and Kants views can even be read as a rephrasing of Luthers views. We will write a custom essay sample on Luther and Kant: Visions of Freedom or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Let us analyze these two passages. Luther advances no opportunity for anyone even learned men to question the law. Indeed, Luthers version of freedom is counterintuitive to our thinking or at least to Kants thinking in that freedom is precisely that which restrains. The moment we contradict the law either in speech or action, we are not acting with freedom. Freedom for Luther is naturally conforming to laws that do not even need to exist. Perhaps the analogy of a child riding his bike with training wheels but without ever touching the training wheels to the ground ` without ever needing the training wheels. Similarly, Luthers version of free people do not need any laws. Rather, they naturally conform to what the laws are, should have been, or would be.`