Getting the Best Generic Scholarship Essay Samples

Getting the Best Generic Scholarship Essay Samples If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Generic Scholarship Essay Samples Other than being mindful of what you wear and the way you project yourself, it would likewise be good if you're conscious of what you say. By conveying fantastic character, you will give them some assurance which you will reflect well on them later on. The 2nd most significant step in getting accepted by a college scholarship is the interview and the end result will be dependent on how much you're ready for it. The 30-Second Trick for Generic Scholarship Essay Samples Apply to as many as you are able to. A scholarship essayis part of ascholarship application. Say, you would like to be applicable to your parent's company scholarship. Finding the Best Generic Scholarship Essay Samples Have another individual preferably a person who knows the difference look over your essay after you've finished. 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Things Fall Apart Paper - 1409 Words

Yiran Meng Things Fall Apart paper 12/1/2011 Umuofia is a primitive and polytheist clan in Nigeria. People in the tribe uphold their own system of tradition, taboo and justice. Several gods that influence all aspect of the members’ life are worshiped, and profane conducts are punished severely. People are not concerned about their personal interests, as they help each other altruistically. As a matter of fact, all the people in the tribe live harmoniously. However, as Achebe depicts in the second part of Things Fall Apart, everything in the clan falls apart due to the appearance of British missionaries. When Christianity is first spread in the tribes, the converts are mostly people who are not valued in the tribe, yet more and more†¦show more content†¦Also, during the funeral of an important old man, Okonkwo breaks the â€Å"law† by killing a young man inadvertently, which results in his exile to his motherland. Even though Okonkwo is an impetuous man, he doesnt show any resistance to the decision. The r everence to the tradition and deity in the tribe is explicitly illustrated in the two instances. People also have their own court to reconcile conflicts among the members and make juridical decisions. It is these traditions and religion that hold the whole tribe together, as they have the same laws and beliefs; and because of the isolation of the tribes, there are rarely elements added to or amending the traditions. Also due to the isolation of the clan, it is hard for members in the tribe to imagine the deliberate violation of the traditions. However, the missionaries then appear. At first, people give them the evil forest to build the church, for they think this damned place can restrain the dissemination of the new religion. However, nothing happens to the missionaries after twenty-eight days. Some of the clan men now believe the unique power of Christianity, so â€Å"that week they (the missionaries) won a handful more converts†(151), and it is clan men’s superstit ion that lead to this result. Also, the church leader uses appropriate methods to successfully win more converts. Mr. Brown builds a school and hospital in the clan, and encourages people to study in the schoolShow MoreRelatedThings Fall Apart Reaction Paper1420 Words   |  6 PagesThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe English II Submitted by: G11 David, Kim Patricia Y. II – Helium Submitted to: Mrs. Zenaida S. Garcia – Nicolas Submitted on: August 6, 2012 Things Fall Apart Take-Home Test 1.) a.) Ikemefuna is Umuofia’s hostage from Mbaino who was put under Okonkwo’s care for three straight years. He lived with Okonkwo’s family and became close to Nwoye, Okonkwo’s eldest son. He calls and treats Okonkwo as his real father. Okonkwo is inwardly pleased with him and heRead MoreA Civilization Falls Apart Essay1167 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature, talks about the changes from an un-dignified lion-chasing culture to that of a semi-dignified European society. The novel Things Fall Apart by Nigerian-born author Chinua Achebe, tells the story of a Umuofian villager named Okonkwo, and how Okonkwo has to come to grips with the changes that are happening in everyday Ibo life. The novel Things Fall Apart is not your typical tall African tale. The novel is a story, a story not just about one person, but about an entire civil-societyRead MoreThings Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe 735 Words   |  3 PagesThings fall apart. Achebe. Ernest Gaines once said, â€Å"I write to try to find out who I am. One of my main themes is manliness. I think Im trying to figure out what manliness really is.† Indeed, every society or culture has its own understanding of an ideal man. Even though these characteristics are different in various parts of the world, the significance of masculinity can never be overestimated. â€Å"Things Fall Apart† by Chinua Achebe is considered as one of the best examples of a riseRead MoreThings Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe1452 Words   |  6 Pagesthere has never been another empire to rise above and assume control over the Roman Empire. However, imperialism in Africa remained a recorded element from 1750 to 1945. This paper visits how control and changes were influences over the Africans during this time period as seen through Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart. (UKEssays, 2015) Europe was experiencing a few financial and political changes that forced the major European forces to investigate abroad regions to add to their resourcesRead MoreOkonkwo s Family And The Tribe1073 Words   |  5 PagesAfrica disrupted many things† which is germane to Okonkwo’s family and the tribe (Achebe Article). Okonkwo and Nwoye, despite their shared blood, there is no affection or mutual respect in their relationship anymore, and thus they are noisome of one another and no longer consider each other to be family. Together, these scenes exemplify how important it is to have mutual respect for each other in an Igbo family. In the first scene, Ikemefuna feels as if he is actually apart of Okonkwo’s family throughRead More Notion of Balance in Things Fall Apart by Achebe Essay1634 Words   |  7 PagesNotion of Balance in Things Fall Apart by Achebe The notion of balance in Achebes novel is an important theme throughout the book. Beginning with the excerpt from Yeatss poem, The Second Coming, the concept of balance is stressed as important, for without balance, order is lost. In the novel, there are many systems of balance which the Ibo culture seems to depend upon. It is when these systems are upset that things fall apart. Okonkwo, the Ibo religion, and ultimately, the Ibos autonomyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Things Fall Apart And The Mission 1561 Words   |  7 Pages Reflective Paper Pao Hsuan Lee UCOR 2000 Introduction Fictionalized accounts of historical events often provide valuable information that may improve overall understanding of human history. Things Fall Apart, and The Mission are works that are different because they focus on different areas and periods, but they explore similar themes such as colonialism and Christian missions. The primary argument is that Okonkwo and Rodrigo Mendoza are similar because they focused on masculinityRead MoreThings Fall Apart : A Great African Tragedy1727 Words   |  7 PagesPeter Thomas Mid-Term Paper English 3510 10-12-17 Things Fall Apart: A Great African Tragedy Tragedy is not new to Africa, precolonial, colonial, or postcolonial. Despite this, the continent of Africa and the countries within are not known for tragic literature. If any single work can make African literature, especially African tragedy stand out, Things Fall Apart can. Things Fall Apart fits the genre of tragedy due to Okonkwo’s role as a tragic character. He exhibits all of the traits of the tragicRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1696 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism Introduction Things Fall Apart is Chinua Achebe’s first novel published in 1958. Achebe lived from 1930 to 2013. Things Fall Apart was written as a rejoinder to European works of fiction that portrayed Africans as savages in need of the white man’s enlightenment. Chinua presents his history to the reader, highlighting both the strengths and the weakness by describing, for instance, the Igbo cultural festivals, their devotion to their gods, and their ritualistic ceremonial practices thatRead MoreWork1068 Words   |  5 Pages2013 Things Fall Apart: Character Analysis Research Paper In the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, the main character Okonkwo has only one tragic flaw; he has raised himself so that looking weak or effeminate is the worst thing to him that he could do. Okonkwo is a model clansman based on his success. However, he is more alienated from his culture based on his lack of respect for it. In this research paper, I’ll walk through a character analysis of Okonkwo. The protagonist of Things Fall

Feasibility of prussian blue powder as pigment for whiteboard marker free essay sample

Communication is a vital activity performed by human. Writing the message is the easiest as well as most effective way to do it. In this case, use of effective writing material such as ink is crucial. Nowadays, ink is used along different medium of vessel, whether a quill, a pen or a marker. One of many type, is used on white resin boards called whiteboard ink or erasable ink. It is a type of ink that can be erased or removed even after it is written on a smooth surface like plastic or resin but becomes permanent on paper. Whiteboard ink is very useful but it is also expensive and can be only availed at large supply store and supermarkets. In addition, some people who use whiteboard markers complain of the strong odor associated in the ink which is equipped with different unknown chemicals. Other study also reveals that fumes from whiteboard markers when inhaled and abused leads to intoxication and sometimes addiction. On the other hand, some whiteboard ink causes problem in clean up since other ink brand is difficult to remove and leave stains on the resin board. But despite such concerns, continued patronage of such product is inevitable. To address such concerns, the researchers opted to determine the feasibility of using less expensive and potentially less toxic materials as substitute for ink for whiteboard marker. The researchers decided to focus on using Prussian Blue powder (PBP) or â€Å"TINA† as source of pigment for whiteboard marker ink in the conduct of the study. Statement of the Problem This study aims to determine the feasibility of using Prussian Blue (PBP-TINA) as main ingredient in whiteboard marker ink. Specifically, the study answers the following questions: 1. Is the Prussian Blue powder (TINA) an effective source of whiteboard marker ink in terms of the following: a. Color test (stability and visibility) b. Eraser test (ability to be erased) c. Odor test d. Fluidity or texture test (does it scatter, is it absorb by the board? ) e. Drying time (rate of evaporation) 2. What significant change in properties of prepared Prussian Blue Powder (PBP) ink was observed on the following concentration used: a. Acetone-based PBP ink b. Alcohol-based PBP ink c. Alcohol-Acetone-based PBP ink 3. Is there a significant difference in the effectiveness of Prussian Blue powder (TINA) and the commercial whiteboard marker in terms of: a. Color test (stability and visibility) b. Eraser test (ability to be erased) c. Odor test d. Fluidity or texture test (does it scatter, is it absorb by the board? ) e. Drying time (rate of evaporation) Significance of the Study This study hopes to benefit the following: USERS/CONSUMERS: To provide individuals like teachers, students, office-workers and the likes who use whiteboard marker an alternative source of whiteboard marker ink which is more cost effective, less toxic and easy to access/readily available within the household. ENVIRONMENT/HEALTH To produce a less toxic and environment friendly source of whiteboard marker ink. RESEARCHERS To provide information that can be further improve by other researchers in the future and will add factual concepts that may serve as basis for review of literature. ECONOMY To create an ink that may be used in whiteboard marker that may be reproduced and tested for potential market. Scope and Limitations of the Study This study utilized the use of Prussian Blue powder (PBP) or â€Å"TINA†, lampblack alcohol and acetone as ingredients for the production of whiteboard marker ink. The researchers limits the study on the discussion of the effectiveness of prepared Prussian Blue powder (PBP) or â€Å"TINA† ink as compared to commercial whiteboard ink in terms of color test, eraser test, odor test, fluidity test, drying time, shelf life. The researchers test the ink’s effectiveness through the use of Pilot WKB marker and/or Artline EK-509AKL refillable whiteboard markers as the vessel of the ink for the duration of one week. The researchers randomly selected 8 Secondary Level Teachers which comprises twenty percent (20%) out of 38 teachers from Paliparan II National High School-Congressional Annex as respondents who will test the effectiveness of Prussian Blue powder (TINA) ink. The teacher will evaluate the ink’s effectiveness with the help of researcher constructed checklist-survey questionnaire composed of twenty-four (24) questions paired with descriptors. The study was conducted at P2NHS-Congressional Annex for the school year 2013-2014. Ink formulation, experimentation and data gathering was accomplished in the duration of two months. CHAPTER II CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK This section presents the related literatures, related studies, research paradigm and definition of terms specifically used in the study. INK Ink is a liquid or paste mixed with pigments, either from synthetic or natural pigment, and is used to color a surface to produce an image, text or design. Since ink allow written language easier to read by providing a more a vibrant and clear image or text compared to pencil it also preserve these characters through time which made ink as a useful tool for record keeping and history recording. Ink is usually composed of complex mediums, which consist of solvents, pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants, solubilizers, surfactants, particulate matter and many other materials. These materials greatly affect or control the ink’s characteristics such as flow and thickness of ink as well as its appearance when it dries. WHITEBOARD MARKER Whiteboard marker also called as dry-erase or non-permanent marker is a writing tool that uses an erasable ink. It is made to be used on slick, non-porous writing surface, for temporary writing with overhead projectors as well as whiteboards and the likes. Whiteboard markers are permanent, however, if used on any surface that absorbs liquid such as paper and cloth. It was invented by Jerry Woolf and later patented by Pilot pen in 1975. One main advantage of this marker is that it less likely to cause allergic reaction compared to use of chalk. Whiteboard marker also come in different colors to promote creativity among users. WHITEBOARD INK Whiteboard ink also known as dry-erase or erasable ink is a mixture commonly composed of alcohol (SD alcohol-40, isopropanol, diacetone, etc. ) and resin. This ink resembles a permanent marker as it also serves the same purpose, except that whiteboard ink is erasable or can be removed when used on a nonporous surface. Concerns on the toxicity of whiteboard ink are based from the formula of a specific brand. The most dangerous versions contain the solvents xylene and toluene. Alcohol based markers can be dangerous, but are generally not as toxic as one made with xylene. Eventually, prolonged exposure and inhalation of alcohol or whiteboard ink fume can cause respiratory problem and can cause neurological problem such as poor memory and slow thinking, damage to heart, lungs and kidneys. You can be also addicted to it or even cause â€Å"sudden sniffing death syndrome†. Several ink manufacturers are now developing ink materials which contain natural ink pigment and ink solvents which are known to be less toxic compared to the synthetic materials found on commercial ink. PRUSSIAN BLUE (TINA) Prussian Blue also commonly known as Berlin Blue, Ferric ferrocyanide, Parisian Blue among others, is a dark blue color that is artificially produced in 1706 by a paint maker Diesbach in Berlin and It was named after in 1709 by its first traders, â€Å"Preu? isch blau† and â€Å"Berlinisch Blau† due to its characteristic blue color. It is one of the many first pigments made synthetically and accidentally. Chemically, it has an idealized formula of Fe7(CN)18 or C18Fe7N18 or [Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3] and carries an IUPAC name of iron (II,III) hexacyanoferrate (II,III). It was known to be formed while experimenting with the oxidation of ferrous ferrocynide salts which was accidentally contaminated by potash that instead of producing red pigment, a relatively long lasting and less expensive source of Blue pigment. This substance appears in blue opaque crystals or microcrystalline fine blue powder, it is relatively insoluble but tends to form a colloidl that can pass through fine filters The use of Prussian Blue was popularized by the blue colored uniforms of soldiers, which was very common during World War I. Although, Prussian Blue was no longer the main source for blue color pigment it is still widely used in many purpose such as pigment enhancer on paints, bluish and black inks, laundry bluing, â€Å"traditional blue† in blue prints, because it is easily made, cheap, non-toxic, and intensely colored. It was also known to be used as an antidote for certain kinds of heavy metal poisoning e. g. cesium and thalium, particularly on Goi? nia incident, . Related Studies ___________( ) conducted a study about using Papaya fruit (Carica papaya L. ), mango fruit (Mangifera indica) and Achuete (Bixa orellana) as substitute pigment source for highlighter ink. The inks were rated based on consistency, color and odour and texture after being marked. The study concluded that the test ink can compete with commercial ink in terms of all characteristics, except for the mango and papaya ink which fail to compete in terms of color. ___________( ) of Grade 9 Lapu-Lapu tested the feasibility of using charcoal and used engine oil as alternative whiteboard marker ink. The findings showed that the prepared ink from charcoal and engine oil when compared to commercialized whiteboard marker ink do not share any similarities but more of differences such as color, intensity and erasing quality of the ink on the whiteboard. ___________( ) of Naga City Science High School tested the effectiveness of Narra (Pterocarpus indicus) bark extract to produce a permanent marker ink. The study further prove ___________( ) conducted a study/experiment of making ink from teabags. The research results prove that tea has potential use as pigment in ink. In addition, addition of vinegar and corn starch to the prepared tea-bag solution helps improve the inks color and fluidity. ___________( ) Research Paradigm Figure 1. The process followed in the conduct of the study. Definition of Terms For better understanding, the following terms used in the study are operationally defined: Prussian Blue Powder ink (PBP ink) refers to prepared whiteboard ink made from Prussian Blue powder (TINA) mixed with lampblack and alcohol and/or acetone. Commercial whiteboard ink (CW ink) or Commercially available marker ink refers to commercially available whiteboard ink, this may be Pilot or Artline erasable marker ink. Whiteboard/ board refers to the surface where the ink is tested refers to the board built with white, smooth, glossy surface made from steel and melamine resin Marker refers to whiteboard marker or erasable marker Synthetic ink pigment refers to ink made from synthetic or chemical based pigment Natural ink pigment refers to ink made from pigment from naturally existing pigment or sources like tree barks or fruit extract Toxicity refers to the hazardous or harmful effect of a certain substance to human and environment Vapor / vapour refers to the smell or odor produced by the marker Image refers to the text, graphics or line produced on the whiteboard using the PBP ink and CW ink Porous refers to a material that absorbs liquid Nonporous refers to a material that doesnot absorb liquid Texture refers to the appearance of the ink after it dries Color refers to intensity of color of the ink Drying time refers to rate of evaporation or how fast does the ink dries up when used on the board Erasability refers to the rate of how easy/fast ink can be erased or removed on the board Ink stability refers to the ink’s shelf life and/or ability of the ink to be stored without losing its ink capability DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE The data of this study were collected through the use of a directly administered survey check-list questionnaire equipped with twenty-four (24) questions all pertaining to the effectiveness and feasibility of using Prussian Blue powder (TINA) ink as alternative pigment for whiteboard ink. The survey was created using suitable questions modified from related research and individual questions formed by the researchers. The questionnaire will be given before and after use of the PBP ink. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY Research Design True Experimental Process The researchers conducted series of experiments to produce ink using Prussian Blue powder (TINA), Lampblack and alcohol in two varying concentration. Comparative Analysis through Survey Questionnaire The researchers conducted a survey to assess the effectiveness of the prepared PBP ink compared to CW ink. The respondents rated the ink in terms of color, odor, texture, drying time and cost. Rating scales followed in the survey were one (1) as the lowest factor and (6) as the highest. Sample The researchers utilized Prussian Blue Powder (PBP) or â€Å"TINA†, lampblack (charcoal), ethyl and/or isopropyl alcohol and acetone in varying concentration in the preparation of PBP ink. The respondents were randomly chosen from a pool of teachers from Paliparan II National High School-Congressional High School (PAL2NHS-CNHS Annex). Sampling Technique The researchers utilized random sampling method through fish ball draw in choosing respondents from the list of teachers of Paliparan II National High School, subject area and time of class was not taken as point for comparison. Research Instruments The researchers develop and utilize the use of Survey – Checklist Questionnaire in rating the performance of the prepared ink from Prussian Blue powder (PBP-Tina) ink. Sample Research Instrument FEASIBILITY OF PRUSSIAN BLUE POWDER (PBP) or â€Å"TINA† AS PIGMENT FOR WHITEBOARD INK This research instrument was constructed with the sole purpose of guiding the respondents in rating the performance of the prepared ink from Prussian Blue powder (PBP-Tina) ink. This research instrument is composed of twenty-four (24) questions paired with descriptors that will test the following parameters: a. Effectiveness of Prussian Blue Powder (PBP) or Tina as substitute pigment for white board marker. b. Effectiveness of Prussian Blue Powder -based ink (PBP ink) as whiteboard marker. c. Effectiveness of Prussian Blue Powder (PBP) compared to commercially available whiteboard marker. Part 1. Effectiveness of Prussian Blue Powder (PBP) Ink: Rating Scales or Descriptors: 5 = Very satisfactory 4 =Satisfactory 3 = Fair 2 = Poor 1 = Needs improvement To the respondents: Check the descriptors that suit best your answer. Parameters: Descriptors A. Color Stability and visibility 5 4 3 2 1 a. 1. Does PBP ink visible to the viewer when used to write on the board? sa. 2. Does PBP ink color remain vivid or intensely colored over period of time? (rate the level of color intensity of PBP ink) a. 3. Note problems or issues encountered related to PBP ink color not mentioned above: B. Eraser Test 5 4 3 2 1 b. 1 Does the PBP ink can be easily erased or removed from the board? (refers to the ease of removal of PBP ink on the board) b. 2. Does the PBP ink leave ink marks or residual marks (shadows, lines or ghost marks) after it was erased on the board? b. 3. Note problems or issues encountered related to PBP ink erasability not mentioned above: C. Odor Test 5 4 3 2 1 c. 2 Does PBP ink produce any annoying smell or odor when being used? (Rate PBP odor based on its strength) c. 2 Does PBP ink smell or odor tolerable? c. 3. List down any problems related to PBP smell or odor not mentioned above: D. Fluidity or Texture Test 5 4 3 2 1 d. 1 Does the marker filled with PBP ink writes smoothly on the board? (rate ink base on ease of writing on the board) d. 2 Does the PBP ink produce a smooth lines or strokes of ink on the board? d. 3 Does PBP ink scatter, blot or run when used to write on the board? d. 4 List down problems encountered on the fluidity and texture of PBP ink not mentioned above: E. Drying Time (Rate of Evaporation) 5 4 3 2 1 e. 1 Does PBP ink dries up easily after it is used to write on the board? (rate based on how fast PBP ink dries up) e. 2 List down any problems encountered on the drying time of PBP ink not mentioned above: Part 2. Comparison between Prussian Blue Powder (PBP) ink and Commercially available Whiteboard marker (CW-marker): Using the CW-marker as your basis for comparison describe the PBP ink performance based on the following parameters: To the respondents: Check the descriptors that suit best your answer. Rating Scales or Descriptors: 5 = Very satisfactory 4 =Satisfactory 3 = Fair 2 = Poor 1 = Needs improvement Parameters 5 4 3 2 1 1. Color Test a. Compared to CW-ink rate how does PBP-ink fare in terms of Color Stability. b. Compared to CW-ink rate how does PBP-ink fare in terms of Color Visibility. 2. Eraser Test a. Compared to CW-ink rate how does PBP-ink fare in terms of Ease of erase ability. b. Compared to CW-ink rate how does PBP-ink fare in terms of Residual marks. 3. Odor Test a. Compared to CW-ink rate how does PBP ink fare in terms of Odor intensity b. Compared to CW-ink rate how does PBP ink fare in terms of Odor tolerability. 4. Fluidity Test a. Compared to CW-ink rate how does PBP ink fare in terms of Ease of writing. b. Compared to CW-ink rate how does PBP ink fare in terms of Line produced by ink. c. Compared to CW-ink rate how does PBP ink fare in terms of Blot formation 5. Drying Time (Rate of Evaporation) a. Compared to CW-ink rate how does PBP ink fare in terms of Drying Time Part 3. Comments and Recommendations:

Luther and Kant Visions of Freedom free essay sample

A study into the works of Luther King (Preface to the Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans) and Immanuel Kant (An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?) and the issue of freedom. The paper shows that Martin Luther, in his Preface to the Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans claims that people are free when their actions naturally mimic laws and morality to such an extent that those laws are rendered unnecessary. The paper then shows the opposite view of Immanuel Kant, in his An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? : Freedom for Kant is the ability to wield ones reasoning without restraint in public. The paper explores how a close reading of these two texts reveals that Kants and Luthers views on freedom are actually more similar than different, in fact they are mutually exclusive and Kants views can even be read as a rephrasing of Luthers views. We will write a custom essay sample on Luther and Kant: Visions of Freedom or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Let us analyze these two passages. Luther advances no opportunity for anyone even learned men to question the law. Indeed, Luthers version of freedom is counterintuitive to our thinking or at least to Kants thinking in that freedom is precisely that which restrains. The moment we contradict the law either in speech or action, we are not acting with freedom. Freedom for Luther is naturally conforming to laws that do not even need to exist. Perhaps the analogy of a child riding his bike with training wheels but without ever touching the training wheels to the ground ` without ever needing the training wheels. Similarly, Luthers version of free people do not need any laws. Rather, they naturally conform to what the laws are, should have been, or would be.`

Cell Transport Essay Example

Cell Transport Essay Example Cell Transport Paper Cell Transport Paper Exercise 1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability: Activity 1: Simulating Dialysis (Simple Diffusion) Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results You have not completed the Pre-lab Quiz. 09/20/11 page 1 Experiment Results Predict Question: Predict Question 1: The molecular weight of urea is 60. 07. Do you think urea will diffuse through the 20 MWCO membrane? Your answer : c. No, not at all. Predict Question 2: Recall that glucose is a monosaccharide, albumin is a protein with 607 amino acids, and the average molecular weight of a single amino acid is 135 g/mole. Which of the following will be able to diffuse through the 200 MWCO membrane? Your answer : a. neither glucose nor albumin Stop Think Questions: The reason sodium chloride didnt diffuse left to right is that You correctly answered: c. the membrane pore size was too small. Glucose is a six-carbon sugar. Albumin is a protein with 607 amino acids. The average molecular weight of a single amino acid is 135 g/mole. There is no reason to run these solutes at the 20 MWCO because You correctly answered: d. lucose and albumin are both too large to pass. The rate of diffusion for urea You correctly answered: b. is slower than that for sodium because urea is a larger molecule. Experiment Data: Solute Na+ ClUrea Na+ ClNa+ ClNa+ ClUrea Glucose Albumin MWCO 20 20 50 50 100 100 200 200 Solute Concentration 9. 00 9. 00 9. 00 18. 00 9. 00 9. 00 9. 00 9. 00 Average Diffusion Rate 0. 0000 0. 0000 0. 0150 0. 0300 0. 0150 0. 0094 0. 0040 0. 0000 09/20/11 page 2 Post-lab Quiz Results You scored 50% by an swering 2 out of 4 questions correctly. 1. The effect of increasing the concentration of sodium chloride from 9 mM to 18 mM in the left beaker was to Your answer: c. no change to the rate of diffusion. Correct answer: b. increase the rate of diffusion. 2. Describe the difference between the rate of diffusion seen for sodium and urea. Your answer: b. Urea diffused faster because it is smaller than sodium. Correct answer: c. Urea diffused more slowly because it is larger than sodium. 3. Which of the following solutes did not pass through any of the membranes? You correctly answered: b. lbumin 4. When diffusion stops, we say the solution has reached You correctly answered: a. equilibrium. 09/20/11 page 3 Review Sheet Results 1. Describe two variables that affect the rate of diffusion. Your answer: The size of the molecule, and the charge of the molecule 2. Why do you think the urea was not able to diffuse through the 20 MWCO membrane? How well did the results compare with your prediction? Your answer: Because Ureas molecular wei ght is 60. 07, 20 MWCO will only allow a molecular weight of up to 20 pass through. 3. Describe the results of the attempts to diffuse glucose and albumin through the 200 MWCO membrane. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Your answer: My prediction that neither glucose nor albumin would pass through the 200 MWCO membrane was wrong, true albumin did not pass through but gucose did because it is a smaller molecule. 4. Put the following in order from smallest to largest molecular weight: glucose, sodium chloride, albumin, and urea. Your answer: Sodium, Chloride, Urea, Glucose, Albumin 09/20/11 page 4

Optimal Kitchen Upper Cabinet Height

Optimal Kitchen Upper Cabinet Height Although not stipulated by building codes, standard construction practices set ergonomic standards for both the dimensions of kitchen cabinets and their installation heights. These measurements are based on studies suggesting the optimal dimensions that create the most comfortable working spaces for users. They are sometimes altered for special needssuch as a kitchen customized for users with physical limitationsbut in the vast majority of kitchens, these dimensions will be followed closely.   Standards for Upper Cabinets in Kitchens The upper wall cabinets in kitchens almost always are installed so the bottom edge of the cabinet is 54 inches above the floor. The reason for this is that 18 inches of clearance between base cabinets and uppers are regarded as the optimal working space, and with base cabinets generally 36 inches high (with countertop included) and 24 inches deep, upper cabinets beginning at 54 inches provides the desired 18-inch clearance.   These distances are shown to be ergonomically practical for anyone over 4 feet tall, and optimal for an average user 5 ft. 8 inches in height. With the standard upper cabinet 30 inches tall and 12 inches deep, a 5 ft. The 8-inch user will be able to reach all shelves without a step stool. Anyone shorter may need a step stoolor the assistance of a taller family memberto easily access upper shelves.   There are, of course, some exceptions to these standards. The specialty wall cabinets that fit above a refrigerator or range will be installed higher than other upper cabinets, and may also be deeper than the standard 12 inches.   Varying the Installation Heights These installation standards can be varied slightly to match the needs of users, although this is limited by the dimensions of stock cabinets. A family with members 5 ft. 5 inches or shorter might, for example, install base cabinets at 35 inches above the floor, then leave a 15-inch working space and install the upper cabinets starting at 50 inches above the floor rather than the normal 54 inches. A family with very tall members might install cabinets slightly higher for convenience. These small variations are within the accepted range, and will not dramatically affect sale potential of your home. However, you should be cautious about more glaring variations to normal design standards when customizing a kitchen, as it may make your house hard to sell in the future.   Handicap Accessible Kitchens More dramatic variation in height standards can be necessary for homes or apartments used by those with physical disabilities, such as people confined to wheelchairs. Special base cabinets may be purchased or built that are 34 inches or lower in height, and upper cabinets can be installed on the wall much lower than normal in order to allow wheelchair users to reach them easily A newer innovation is electrically operated cabinetry that raises and lowers the upper wall cabinets, making them easy to use for both physically challenged and physically able family members.

FabIndias Entry in Australian Market Table of Contents Essay

FabIndias Entry in Australian Market Table of Contents - Essay Example This report stresses that FabIndia is India-based apparel manufacturing and retailing organisation. Apart from the manufacturing and retailing apparels, the company also offers health care and home care products. However, the unique selling proposition of the company is that it offers the apparels made of the Indian traditional techniques and fabrics. Its products are mainly manufactured in the rural areas of India where India's traditional handicrafts skilled people are available. In this process, the FabIndia has offered a significant amount of employment in rural India. On the other hand, it also gets skilled labours and other raw material as must lower cost, and hence, it is also able to offer its products at a much lower cost by targeting the middle income group of people. This paper declares that the primary product offered by FabIndia is its hand woven and printed clothes and hence, the focus on this section will be on the apparels retailing in Australia. Australian clothing and textile industry is highly developed due to availability of high quality raw materials and necessary support from the government. However, after free trade agreement with the counties like China, U.S. etc competition in the textile manufacturing has intensified significantly. Most of foreign textile traders offer their products in products by importing from their respective countries. The competition in the Australian textile industry is mainly dominated by the foreign traders and the most prominent competitors are the traders from New Zealand followed by China and Italy.

Interview old generation people (could be anyone) and discuss of Assignment

Interview old generation people (could be anyone) and discuss of cultural normality about how age based norms change over generation - Assignment Example This is the essence of cultural normality. This paper will present a discussion of how age-based norms change over generations. The paper will be based on the results of an interview conducted with an elderly person. The body of the paper will consist of two paragraphs, one talking about the life history of the interviewee and the other analysing the responses obtained from the interview. The subject of the interview is a 70-year-old retiree who, for 38 years, worked as a communications officer at General Electric. Although she currently resides in Chicago, she was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York. Her father was an Anglican minister while her mother was a high school teacher. Her parents were disciplinarians who attached a lot of value to education, good upbringing, morals, and religion. Her parents were socially conscious individuals who were active in community engagement, sensitisation, and political movements. This instilled in her a well-rounded view of life and the world and prepared her for the rigors of the corporate world, especially in an age where very few women worked in the corporate world. She understands the challenges involved in raising children through generational changes and has witnessed the world evolve to become fast-paced and highly dynamic. She attended public schools and then joined New York University to study marketing and public rel ations. After graduating in 1967, she was recruited by General Electric to work in their expanding marketing division. The interviewee got married to her childhood sweetheart in 1969, and they have four children. She is a practicing Anglican, who has maintained her parents’ respect for and inclination to religion. She is also socially active in her community, where she is respected for her career, activities, and age. She runs her charitable organisation that provides support for the

Unweeded garden Essay Example for Free

Unweeded garden Essay Although audiences of today have not experienced such a controversy among the royal family as in the 1600s, they would still understand how immoral the marriage between Claudius and Gertrude is and would recognise how it brings instability in the royal household and consequently the state. Although, some of those in a modern audience would see it as an affair too close too home which is likely to cause emotional distress for Hamlet rather than as incestuous. Modern audiences would also understand how the state depends on the control and stability of the royal family. If there is decay and dislocation in the royal family, the state will suffer. Subsequently, the state transforms from a place of peace to an unweeded garden in which there is disorder. This imagery of the unweeded garden clearly illustrates the idea of transformation. Denmark used to be a state where there was control and order, just like a garden. However, the same way a garden that has not been looked after produces weeds, is the same way a country without control creates disorder. This then leads to chaos and finally foul play leaving the state rank and gross in nature. During Hamlet, not only Denmark goes through a transformation, the characters themselves go through a transformation during the course of the play. The language used shows this. Looking at Claudius language in the beginning of the play, it is confident and eloquent. He deals with four items of business: his accession; the threat from young Fortinbras; Laertess suit and Hamlets behaviour. There are no interruptions during the Kings speech other than agreement from his faithful courtiers. However, this only occurs because each of them are involved in the manipulation of the kingdom as they gain great rewards from their king. Each affair is emphasised with a caesura. Taken to wife. underlines that Gertrude is his wife, no questions asked and So much for him. ends all conversation to do with the previous king. Intellectual language is also used filial obligation which shows his authority as king. However, as the play progresses, Claudius character transforms into a different king. During the scene in which Claudius prays for forgiveness, the audience are confronted with a different character. The language here is very unlike the language in the beginning of the play. There are many questions and the character becomes trapped in the language. What then? What rests? What can it not? The language also emphasises the characters now tortured soul as in the syntax Pray can I not instead of I can not pray. It could be argued that as Denmark changes, so does its king. The decay and dislocation of the state has an effect on Claudius and so instead of being in control like before, he is unable to hold the state together. Like Claudius, Hamlet also transforms during the play. One might say that this character is the core concept of transformation. The language in the beginning of the play displays Hamlets weariness conveyed by the listless tempo of the words How weary, stale, flat and unprofitable. The verse starts and stops, punctuated by expressions of pain and confusion: -why, she she married-O most wicked speed! Hamlet transforms from circumstances in which he cannot understand himself or the world he is living in into states of despair or even anger. Hamlet often questions the existence of man what piece of work is a man? and Shakespeare shows the characters incomprehension with long speeches containing long sentences in which there are many questions Hamlet is asking himself such as: What is this quintessence of dust? Shakespeare shows Hamlets despair with dismal consistency of tone and tempo as the character seeks to find out whether he is equal to the task that has been set. This contrasts with scenes in which the language of Hamlet is agitated and irritated. Shakespeare emphasises his disgust with disease imageries referring to prostitutes especially when confronted with Gertrude or Ophelia: you jig, you amble In the closet scene, while Hamlet speaks to his mother, his language transforms once again. The words used are similar to that which a preacher uses for love of grace Confess yourself to heaven repent virtue However, the greatest transformation affecting Hamlet, happens when Hamlet has just returned from England. The encounter with Fortinbras army encourages Hamlet to reflect on the nature of honour and resolves him to have bloody and impulsive thoughts: O, from this time forth My thoughts be bloody or be nothing worth. (iv. iv. 65-4) Hamlet announces: This is I, Hamlet the Dane (v. i. 251-2) And in doing so, he demonstrates that he finally understands who he is and what responsibilities he must uphold. Transformation occurs not only through Denmark but also through the characters. The closing action of the play is the removal of the bodies from the field and this could be seen as the finally transformation. The bodies from the Denmark in which there was corruption and dislocation are removed in order to make way for a new Denmark, a Denmark for the living. Whether this final action determines a positive outcome for the state is for the audience to decide, however, the atmosphere at the end of the play contains some element of hope rather than complete despair as in the opening scene. The theme of transformation therefore introduces and concludes Shakespeares play, Hamlet.

Book Review of People of the Three Fires Essay -- Essays Papers

Book Review of People of the Three Fires The book, People of the Three Fires, is written by three different people each describing a tribe in detail.The book is very well written and relatively easy to understand. It is informative and was written to be used as a teaching tool for schools. The book discusses the relationship between the groups that lived in Michigan and surrounding areas. James M. McClurken writes the first section, which deals with the Ottawa people. McClurken tells about the Ottawa peoples’ relationship with the environment they lived in and how they adapted to change when contacted by Europeans. One thing I found interesting about the Ottawa is their beliefs. The Ottawa believed in respect for the individual. Their leaders represented the people much like our elected officials represent us when a decision is needed for the whole of the country. They are in tune with nature and consider the earth and animals part of their family, addressing them with â€Å"father,† â€Å"mother,† â€Å"brother,† â€Å"sister.† The Ottawa’s also amazed me at their ability to believe in the supernatural, the spirits that told what sickness a person has and the healing power of the firewalkers is a leap of faith. I am always amazed that people survived without Advil and Tums, and they didn’t just survived they thrived! The Ottawa were great traders, in fact they traded all over northern Michigan. A surprising fact I read in the section was of the fleecing of the Indian...

BrimmoThe Curious Incident Of The Dog I

l am going to prove that Im not stupid. Next month am going to take my A level In math's and IM going to get an A grade† / Hidden creates a character with huge contrasts to show the complexity of Aspires. â€Å"and now if I don't know what someone is saying I ask them what they mean or walk away† / Direct speech â€Å"l think it should be called a lie because a pig is not like a day† / direct speech to show the complications. What is a distinctive idea explored In The Curious Incident of the DogIn the Night Time by Mark Haddam? Explain how this Idea Is developed through the novel. The Curious Incident of the dog in the night time composed by Mark Haddam is an exceptional text that explores the ideas of how different perspectives show the different ways the world can be experienced. Hadrons text follows a young boy named Christopher Boone with the uniquely complex disease, speakers, â€Å"speakers† and as he does this he conveys the way someone seeing the wo rld differently can generate different life perspectives.Chris Is unable to understand human emotion ND figurative language and which Haddam cleverly uses this perspective with techniques like using contrast and voicing character's views with direct speech to allow the reader to access the syndrome that is common but rarely understood. Haddam creates a character with huge contrasts to show the complexities of his Speakers syndrome. Haddam uses characterization to portray the complexity of Christopher says â€Å"l am going to prove that I'm not stupid. â€Å"Next month I am going to take my A level In math's and I'm going to get an A grade†.Christopher has an amazing talent in math's and has an exceptional photographic memory. This helps the audience to understand the inner conflicts that Chris has because of the syndrome and understand the huge contrasts between someone that can't understand simple things that most people take for granted and a â€Å"A level in math's†. This contrast also allows the audience to see the complexities of Speakers through the eyes of Christopher and his experiences, developing the unique Idea that different an speakers perspectives show the wildly different ways the world can be experienced.Christopher Bone's syndrome makes him struggle to connect with human emotions as he doesn't understand them. This reveals his deferent views of the world to the audience. Chris has a lack of knowledge of facial expressions and human emotion creates problems in his life where he is left confused and frustrated. â€Å"And now If I don't know what someone Is saying I ask them what they mean or I walk away' The use of direct speech representing the character's thoughts puts the reader in the shoes of Christopher showing his perspective of life.The audience is shown owe his knowledge of emotions is very limited because he would just run away if he was confused about what someone was trying to tell him. Christopher lack of communicati on directly relates to the views him and others have of life because of these barriers. Haddam allows the audience to see the complexities of Speakers different perspectives show the different ways the world can be experienced. Haddam makes the audience appreciate the things we take for granted by exploring the many barriers people with aspires face.Because of Christopher obstacle of understanding figurative language and metaphors it limits his communication. â€Å"l think it should be called a lie because a pig is not like a day' the effective use of direct speech used in this quote, emphasis the complications that follow with Speakers Syndrome. The use of direct speech and persona also allows the audience to see life from his perspective, forcing the audience to understand his syndrome and its effects. This allows the audience to appreciate the things we take for granted developing the idea that different perspectives show the different ways the world can e experienced.The Curiou s Incident of the Dog in the Night Time is an impeccable text that shows the audience what it is like to have Espalier's Syndrome. Mark Haddam uses techniques like direct speech to illustrate how different perspectives show the different ways the world can be experienced. Christopher barriers of not being able to recognize human emotion or figurative language were great tools in broadcasting the theme of how different perspectives show the different ways the world can be experienced to the audience

Just in Time Approach in Inventory Management

2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd JUST IN TIME APPROACH IN INVENTORY MANAGEMENT Abdul Talib Bon (Corresponding author) Faculty of Technology Management, Business and Entrepreneurship Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia Tel: +60127665756 E-mail: [email  protected] com Anny Garai Faculty of Technology Management, Business and Entrepreneurship Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia Tel: +60137016298 E-mail: [email  protected] com. y Abstract Quality improvement and costs control are vital to organizations for work performance enhancement and fulfilling customers’ requirement. Inventories that are stored in large amount of quantities will result in waste and space usage. One effective solution is using Just in Time (JIT) concept as a method to reduce costs, improve quality and meet the ever-changing customer needs. The adoption of Just in Time (JIT) con cepts seems to be the most effective way to overcome these circumstances. JIT is management philosophy that emphasizes on eliminating waste and increase productivity.The main purpose of this research is to find out whether the implementation of JIT would reduce the inventories at Electronics component industry especially at the parts producing stamping of FCM. This research is done by case study. Therefore the data collection would be using secondary data which is the documentation from FCM itself and also via observation. The data were analyzed by doing the comparison before and after the implementation of JIT using Microsoft words excel. From the analysis that had been done, the implementation of JIT had increased the inventories management at the stamping parts production.As the conclusion, the implementation of JIT in the inventory management at the parts production stamping at Electronics component industry had successfully reduce the inventories level while improving the inven tory level. Keywords: Stamping Production, Just in Time, inventory management, electronics component industry. 1. Introduction Globalisation phenomena had created the business without boundaries. Most of the organisation nowadays only focuses in two main elements that can influence the global market, which is customer satisfaction and also the product and services quality.Organisation all around the world need to take the initiative to increase the product quality to satisfy the needs and customer demand that always change besides minimizing the production cost. This initiative is needed to keep the challenge at the market (Canel, et al. , 2000). One of the most effective solutions is with the application of Just in Time (JIT). Application of JIT could involve few important elements at organisation such as production level, marketing level, engineering level and purchasing level. The application of JIT more focuses on management process.Therefore, JIT can be applied at varying proce ss. (Canel, et al. , 2000). JIT is the concept of management that invented specially to avoid waste. This is in order to minimize the waste and increase the productivity (Zhu and Meredith, 1995). JIT is one type of Lean Manufacturing (Yen, 2003). Lean manufacturing is the process to control the production which depends on the demand by the customers. It is also act to reduce waste. The application of Lean Manufacturing can reduce the stock, work space and the production of raw materials. This philosophy can maximize the production (Forza, 1996).At Malaysia context, application of JIT is not popular. According to Simpson, et al. , (1998), JIT had been applied by national automotive firm as a transitory JIT. Transitory of JIT is one of the ad hoc inventory models. This is can give half of the inventory in order to reduce the production 2562 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd cost beside can make the technology transfer at the i nternational level. This research is made to study the application of Just in Time (JIT) in inventory management at stamping production at Electronics component industry. 1. Background of Study At FCM there is lot type of inventories and this requires a huge space to restore it. Therefore FCM need to prepare an enough space. How ever, this situation requires FCM to overcome the cost of restore. But this is not the really big issues to FCM. What really worries FCM management is the huge batch of inventories. The batch of inventories had caused FCM loss in profit because there is no moving out of the output to customer. Therefore the cases are also not only arises due to this problem. Besides that, in Japanese firm, the concept of keeping the inventory is a big waste in industry.Based on this problem, Heizer J. & Render B. (2006), Just in Time (JIT) is the best strategy to increase the operation especially at the inventory management. However, if the raw material cannot be delivered d uring the production, there would be a big problem. 1. 2 Problem Statement This study is to elaborate the JIT application in inventory management at the stamping production at FCM. The problems that occur in this study are what is the importance of application of JIT in order to influence the inventory management at the stamping production at FCM? 1. Objective In this research, researcher has the stand to achieve the objective so that it could be archived. The objective is to study the application of Just in Time (JIT) in inventory management at Stamping Production at Electronics component industry. 1. 4 Scope Of Study The scope of study is focused at the stamping production at Electronics component industry. The main products of FCM are keyboard and relays. Respondents that involved are top management and the staff at stamping production of FCM. Data would be collected through qualitative method and be analysed quantitatively.From this study, the researcher hopes that can help Elec tronics component industry on the applications of JIT in their operation. The researcher hopes that with this study, it can help Electronics component industry and academician which is up to the upcoming researchers. 2. Literature Review JIT is not the new concept in production sector (Stevenson, 2001). It started during 1920 and being used by Henry Ford at the automation industrial. JIT is one of the Lean Manufacturing that had been introduced by Toyota Motor Corporation to increase the work quality and production.The application of JIT in Lean Production will give good return in production process. These philosophies would make the production even faster and to reduce the inventories stock. 2. 1 Lean Production and Lean Manufacturing Lean Manufacturing first introduced as systematic ways to reduce or terminate the waste. It is the management philosophy that require commitment from responsible person that relate with reduced waste, make the work procedure become smooth and optimize the production (Chase, et al. , 2001). Lean Manufacturing firstly introduced by the Toyota Motor Corporation.Which is involved the inventory management, quality control, industrial relationship, 2563 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd employee management and relationship between factory and the suppliers (Bowen and Youngdahl, 1998). JIT is one of the elements in Lean Manufacturing meanwhile Lean Production is known as Big JIT. It is the philosophy of management operation that act to terminate the waste in every aspect in production such as industrial relationship, vendor relationship, technology, raw material management and inventories (Chase, et al. 2001). Lean Production can use to reduce time, inventories, space, employees and production cost. 2. 2 Just In Time (JIT) Usually, JIT process being implemented in the organisation that reached the highest application of JIT. Wagner M. S and Silveira- Camargos V , 2009). This is because organisation and the supplier should have a good relationship and believe because when there is demand from factory, the suppliers can supply them on time. The first way to implement JIT is build a good relationship with the suppliers, customers and also sub-contractor to reduce inventory â€Å"buffer† to few hours.According to Canel, et al. , (2000), JIT aims is to reduce time waiting during production process. Therefore, the cost of inventories not only can be minimized but also the time for the production also shortens. JIT concept is not saying about the standardisation or the way of managing but it really focusing on the zero inventories 2. 3 Benefits of Application of Just In Time in Lean Production The application of JIT would give a lot of benefits such as to the producer to increase the quality to fulfil the customer demands and reduce the inventories and built a good relationship with the supplier (Salaheldin, 2005).Positive of JIT application can successfu lly give benefit to three communities, which is supplier only, purchased only or both. The benefits are, reducing in inventories and time waiting for the inventories, increase the quality and technical support, increase productivity, reduce waste and machine maintenance (Wafa, et al. , 1996). JIT actually help to reduce machine maintenance and at the same time, to make sure the suppliers can produce the inventories on time (Yasin, et al. , 2001). According to Yasin, et al. 2002), the big problem of JIT application is employer issues and the suppliers. Employer issue is about the objection of JIT concept, less supportive of JIT and less of employees. 3. Methodology This study is using action research that is descriptive and makes the research by quantitative. In this study, researcher would use observation and data collection from the result of the observation. 4. Data Analysis 4. 1 Introduction This chapter would discuss and analysis the data that had been collected from FCM.There a re four different data that had been provided by the researcher according to the case. For the first case, the researcher would get the standard time during the raw material collected from the rack and the replace at the turn table using forklift. The second case is the machine die setup. Meanwhile the third case is standard time for winding process. The time is counted during the winding process and the material place at the stand before and after the winding process. For the last case, is during packing and deliver the part to the warehouse.This chapter also would discuss about type of test and analysis to the case to make sure that the data is valid and researcher can get a clear vision about the elements of Just in Time (JIT) being implemented by the FCM. 2564 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd 4. 2 Results of Study In this study, researcher would discuss the results that researcher gets from the study. All the data that had been collected by the researcher would be divided according to the case and according to the flow chart of stamping production refer to Figure 1.Figure 1 shows Standard Time (ST) and Cycle Time (CT) according to the cases that had been studied. ST = 10. 8 min CT = 10 times ST = 480 min ST = 5. 37 min ST = 17 min KES 1 KES 2 KES 3 KES 4 Raw Material Stamping Process Winding Packing Warehouse Figure 1: Stamping Flow Chart 4. 2. 1 Analysis of Case 1 This section would show the data collected from case 1 for the application before and after the part production stamping. In this case 1 (refer Figure 2) the standard time would be the counting from the raw materials from the racks to the turntable using forklift and then the return back of the forklift to the place.Refer from Figure 3 as shown the graphs for before and after the applications of JIT for case 1. ST/CT Raw Material Stamping Process Figure 2: Case 1 2565 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd Figure 3: Graph Before and After Application of JIT (Case 1) 4. 2. 2 Analysis of Case 2 For case 2, (refer Figure 4) is to reduce the standard time that is using for die setup. Figure 5 showed the graph before and after application of JIT. . ST Stamping Process Figure 4: Case 2 Winding 2566 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING d nd Figure 5: Graph Before and After Application of JIT (Case 2) 4. 2. 3 Analysis Case 3 For case 3, (refer Figure 6) is to reduce standard time for winding process. Figure 7show before and after application of JIT for Case 3. ST Winding Figure 6: Case 3 Packing 2567 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd Figure 7: Graph Before and After Application of JIT (Case 3) 4. 2. 4 Analysis Case 4 For case 4, (refer Figure 8) is to reduce standard time during packing and deliver to warehouse. Figure 9 show the application of JIT before and af ter. ST PackingFigure 8: Case 4 Warehouse 2568 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd Figure 9: Graph Before and After Application JIT (Case 4) 5. Conclusion The purpose of this study is to make sure the application of concept Just In Time (JIT) at Electronics component industry especially at the stamping production. This chapter would discuss about the results of the analysis according to the objective and problem statement. The discussion would focus in certain case at stamping production depend of the results that analyze from before and after the application of JIT.Besides that, this chapter also would discuss the suggestion. After the analysis, application JIT in inventory management at stamping production is depend on the activities below: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (ix) Raw material always in enough quantities. Work in process always at the minimum quantities. Finished good would directly deliver to buyers. Wasting work in process seldom occur. Buffer stocks always at the minimum quantity. Delivering raw material depends on demand only. Space for inventories is small. Time table scheduling is made by the suppliers.Delivering materials is more often and only at small size. 2569 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC RESEARCH (2 ICBER 2011) PROCEEDING nd nd (x) (xi) (xii) Long term relationship is built between suppliers. Suppliers is advised to use the application of Just in Time (JIT) , and The employers should give the commitment on inventories and quality. Besides that, researcher has little suggestion to the upcoming interested researchers with the concept of Just in Time. The suggestions are: (i) this research only limited at one factory which is Electronics component industry.The next researcher should broaden their scope of study; (ii) Future study on the application of JIT concept especially in the purchasing and engineering level; and further study about the elemen ts associated with JIT. References Bowen, D. E. & Youngdahl, W. E. (1998). Lean Service: In Defence of A Production-Line Approach. International Journal of Service Industry Management. 9(3). 207-225. Canel, C. , et al. (2000). Just-in-time Is Not Just for Manufacturing: A Service Perspective. Industrial Management and Data System. 100(2). 51-60 Chase R. B. , et al. (2001). Operations Management for Competitive Advantage. th ed. N. Y. : McGraw-Hill. 394-417. Forza, C. (1996). Work Organization in Lean Production and Traditional Plants: What Are the differences?. International Journal of Operation and Production Management. 16(2). 42-62. Salaheldin, S. I. (2005). JIT Implementation in Egptian Manufacturing Firms: Some Emperical Evidence. International Journal of Operation and Production Management. 25(4). 354-370. Simpson, M. , et al. (1998). Case Study: Transitory JIT as Proton Cars, Distribution and Logistics Management. 28(2). 121-142. Malaysia. International Journal of Physical St evenson, G. (2001).Just-in-time: The Reincarnation of Past Theory and Practice. Management Decision. 39(10). 866-879. Wafa, M. A. , et al. (1996). The Impact of Supplier Proximity on JIT Success: An Information Perspective. International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management. 26(4). 23-34. Yasin, M. Y. , et al. (2001). Just-in-time Implementation in the Public Sector. International Journal of Operation and Production Management. 21(9). 1195-1204 Zhu, Z. & Meredith, P. H. (1995). Defining Critical Elements in JIT Implementation: A Survey. Industrial Management and Data System. 95(8). 21-28. 2570

Criminal Tendencies essays

Criminal Tendencies essays Say the word marijuana and people immediately associate it with something: crime, druggies, lack of motivation, or other negative connotations. For far too long in American culture millions have believed propaganda about marijuana, spread by the government, without ever educating themselves. Marijuana, which comes from the cannabis plant, is not nearly as harmful as it has been made out to be. Opponents scream that smoking pot kills brain cells and gives cancer to users. Alcohol kills brain cells, is an addictive drug, and is legal. Tobacco gives cancer to users, is an addictive drug, and is legal. Pot smokers are often stereotyped as being unmotivated, burned out failures, despite many avid users from all avenues of life. Success depends on the individual, not the hobby in which they indulge. Furthermore, many events, including movies, music, and even sex can be enhanced through the euphoric feeling attained by smoking cannabis. Essentially, smoking marijuana is a victimles s crime that enhances everyday activities without hindering personal successes. Marijuana, when inhaled, gives the user a euphoric feeling which includes an altered perception of time and distance, intensified sensory experiences, and increased laughter. Ironically, euphoric is defined as a greater state of happiness and stems from the Latin word euphoros, meaning healthy. It was legal in this country until 1937, when the government passed the Marijuana Tax Act, which required tax stamps to obtain marijuana that were never supplied. The government feared that cannabis would compete with newly invented synthetic fiber, and thus they began spreading negative propaganda about marijuana. Because of this propaganda, peopl associate marijuana with harsher illegal drugs such as cocaine and heroin. However, it is important to separate marijuana from this group. Marijuana is naturally grown, harvested, dried, and smoked, much like tobacco. Cocaine and ...

How to Study the Night Before a Test

How to Study the Night Before a Test Theres no need to feel completely frightened if youve procrastinated until the night before a test to study. Although you wont be able to commit much to long-term memory in a one-night cram session, you can learn enough to pass the test using these techniques. How to Study the Night Before a Test Eat a nutritious meal and prepare a few healthy snacks so you wont need to get up laterSet up in a comfortable spot with your study materials (pencils, note cards, highlighters) and class materials (notes, quizzes, tests, handouts, study guides)Focus for 30 to 45 minutes, then break for 5Take notes and use mnemonic devices to improve recallAim for comprehension over memorizationExplain concepts and ideas to a third partyGet a good nights sleep Physical Needs The brain and the body are linked, so before you sit down to start a study session, its a good idea to take care of your body: go to the bathroom, get some water or tea, and be sure youre dressed in a way that wont distract you (nothing scratchy or stiff). Focus and calm are crucial to studying seriously; to get your body on the same page, try doing some deep breathing and yoga stretches to help you get your mind off any other concerns. Essentially, this prep is meant to get your body to help you, not distract you, so you have no excuses to break your study focus. Snacking during or before studying can be helpful, but choose wisely. The ideal meal is something without a lot of sugar or heavy carbs that can lead to an energy crash. Instead, grab some high-protein grilled chicken or scramble some eggs for dinner, drink green tea with acai, and follow it all with a few bites of dark chocolate. Its always easier to stay on task and process information when your brain has been given what it needs to function properly. The other upside is that by eating something before you begin studying, youll be less tempted to get hungry (and distracted) and quit studying early. To further head off any distracting snack attacks, be prepared ahead of time. When you go to your study area, bring a snack with you. This should be something high in nutrients and mess-free, like mixed nuts, dried fruit, or a protein bar. Avoid highly processed foods like chips, and beware of sneaky foods like granola bars that are full of hidden sugar that will leave you stranded in an hour or so. One Step at a Time Start by getting organized. Get all the materials that relate to the test youre taking- notes, handouts, quizzes, book, projects- and lay them out neatly in a way that makes sense to you. You might organize them by topic, in chronological order, or in some other way that works. Perhaps you like to use color-coded highlighters or stacks of notecards. The point is that theres no one way to organize: You have to find the best system that helps you make connections with the material. By the night before a test, you should already have a good baseline of knowledge on the test topics. That means your goal here is to review and refresh. If your teacher gave you a study guide, start with that, quizzing yourself as you go along. Refer to your other materials if you cant remember an item on the guide, and then write it down. Use mnemonic devices to help you remember bits of information that you wouldnt otherwise, but try to avoid just memorizing everything: its harder to recall straight facts than it is to have a network of connected ideas that you can rely on. If you dont have a study guide or if youve finished going over it, prioritize notes and handouts. Things like dates, names, and vocabulary words are likely to show up on tests, so study those first. After that, review the bigger-picture stuff: material that covers cause-and-effect relationships within the topic area and other ideas that could show up on an essay question. For these, memorization is less important than having a solid enough understanding to explain it back on a written answer. It can seem overwhelming, especially if you have a lot of material to review, so take it slowly. A good rule of thumb is to focus for 30- to 45-minute increments followed by 5-minute breaks. If you try to cram in all the information the night before the test, your brain will overload and youll have to work to regain your focus on studying. This is why its also useful to review for a few days before the test, not just the night before so you can spread out the material and review everything multiple times over of a few separate sessions. Buddy System If you really want to test your understanding of the material, try explaining it to someone who isnt in the class. Get a family member or friend and teach them as much as you can remember. This will let you see how well you understand the concepts and how well you can make connections (to prepare for short-answer or essay questions). If you have a partner or a family member to help you, have them quiz you on the material. As you go, make a list of anything you get stuck on or cant remember. Once youve been quizzed, take your list and study that material repeatedly until youve got it. Finally, write down all your mnemonic devices, important dates, and quick facts on one sheet of paper, so you can refer to it the morning before the big test. Final Preparations Nothing will make you do worse on a test than pulling an all-nighter. You may be tempted to stay up all night and cram in as much as is possible, but by all means, get some sleep the night before. When testing time comes, you wont be able to recall all the information you learned because your brain will be functioning in survival mode. On the morning of the test, make sure to eat a healthy breakfast for plenty of energy. Throughout the morning, run through your review sheet: while youre eating, at your locker, or on the way to class. When it comes time to put the review sheet away and sit down for the test, you can rest easy knowing that youve done everything possible to help your brain get through the test with flying colors.

Support of President Obama's Jobs Bill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Support of President Obama's Jobs Bill - Essay Example While touring the nation in the recent weeks, President Obama had repeatedly demanded that Congress passing the bill intact; thus, the Senate’s vote to impede the measure signified a serious setback and occurred after leaders of his own party had modified the measure to comprise surtax on revenue of not less than $1 million to summarize additional Democratic votes. Following this setback, the president condemned the Republicans fro shying away from a measure, which entailed ideas they had previously supported (DeMint 65). In a statement before the vote, the president told the Senate that the vote did not signify the end of this fight since days were coming when members of Congress will be required to take a stand about the bill after carefully analyzing the benefits it brings especially to those who are poorly paid like teachers, policemen and firefighters (DeMint 46). According to Senate Democratic aides, votes on parts of the bill could start this month, or even as early as next week; with party leaders saying that they required to consult their conclave before deciding on the timing or choosing the conditions to be reflected on separately (DeMint 38). There were a number of Democratic senators who asserted they might connect with a few Republicans in looking for job-creation proposals, which might achieve bipartisan support; this is an alarming contest in a chamber whereby comity appears to worsen weekly. On the other hand, House Republican leaders have asserted that they have no intentions of taking the president’s bill in its entirety; rather, they accept the sign from the White House, which indicates that the administration might be ready for a piecemeal effort (Kent). Eric Cantor, who is the House majority leader, as well as the Republican of Virginia, alleged that he was hoping that the president would dismiss his all-or-nothing methodology and start working with the Congress on issues of commonality, comprising of initiatives, which could uphold hiring along with economic growth. Mr. Cantor added, â€Å"We are willing to take up the things we can agree on.† This job’s bill is a combination of public works expending, as well as temporary tax cuts, whose intention are to counter what Mr. Obama refers to as an economic disaster and an emergency. Senate Democrats attempted to make the president’s bill more acceptable by attaching a surtax of 5.6 percent, beginning in 2013, on revenue in surplus of $1 million. As the Senate headed for the vote, Mr. Reid was overheard making allegations that Republicans were in opposition of the president’s jobs bill due to political reasons since they desired for the economy to continue being in poor shape. Mr. Reid claimed that Republicans thought that if the economy gets better, then this might assist President Obama, and that is why they campaign for the economy to fail by opposing every effort of improving it (DeMint 30). Mitch McConnell of Kentucky, who i s the Senate Republican leader, replied in saying that Democrats had prepared this bill for failure, hoping that anyone voting against it will be perceived as a bad person; and that the exercise in its entirety is only a charade, which is meant to offer Democrats with a political edge in the forthcoming

The Marketing Situation of X Infotech Research Paper

The Marketing Situation of X Infotech - Research Paper Example X Infotech services are sought after by a host of customers, in different sectors, as Mainframes have applications everywhere. Installing a new server costs around $100,000, with storage solutions costing extra. Naturally, most customers of the firm are company representatives or startup businesses. The company needn’t bother about Age and psychographic information about its customers, as most of them are young geeks looking for a foothold entry into new business models. Most orders are placed online, or through customer calls Monday to Friday. Maintenance of systems is a major priority, as Mainframes systems are subject to command failure, or allied shortage. For this purpose only, the company hires trained, experienced technical staff on a per-request basis, and is gradually expanding its scales. The core philosophy of X Infotech is â€Å"commitment to customer needs†, for which it is continually striving ahead. One new emerging area is the dot com boom. Many start up s rely on highly-secure 128 K encryption devices, to facilitate payment options on their websites, thanks to the arrival of e-commerce. This calls for enormous space in the server area. As mentioned in the Boston Matrix, this falls under Question Marks, and it has become the most significant business for IBM vendors. After initial installation, a large number of controlling applications in Mainframes can be configured online. All the customer has to do is, log on to numerous vendors which understand the particular script in which the programs have been initialized. Naturally, low-cost vendors from India are an attractive option to several cost-conscious customers, and it’s not good news for X Infotech, who need to do their homework well, if not willing to be eaten by trouble brewing abroad.

Business Plan Paper On Grocery Delivery (only 2 sections of the Research

Business Plan On Grocery Delivery (only 2 sections of the overall ) - Research Paper Example It is an effective online marketplace facilitating simple buying as well as selling of groceries. Cornunopia Grocery Store aims to tap the growing Frisco, TX areas consumer goods market. Cornunopia Grocery Store mission is to provide an online stand where people can shop for groceries all along with door step delivery. It taps the unattended desires of the people who does not get traditional trading suitable due to many inescapable reasons. Cornunopia Grocery Store foremost mission is to grant convenience to the clients followed by best cost for money backed by excellence and pleasure. Cornunopia Grocery Store is a common stage where the distributors, retailers, as well as wholesalers, can provide their supplies to the needs of the home customers. It also enables a greater market arrive at the suppliers as well as convenience to the clients. Furthermore, it gives an online platform for household clients to choose from an extensive variety of products planned by the suppliers who are: distributors, wholesalers, and retailers. It as well permits the suppliers to enlist their goods to ramp up their retailing by raising their reach. This doorway also acts intermediately involving the distributor with wholesalers or retailer to deliver goods that are out of stock locally (Tanskanen & Holmstrà ¶m, 2015). This is meant for only the household clients. This model revolves around providing ease, quality as well as the best value for cash to the end consumer. The clients can browse through the catalogs as well as see the diverse items programmed by the suppliers. The buyer or client orders the select items and the company deliver the product or good on their doorsteps. This is their main focus, and it concentrates all of its initial capital at this. This model is destined for the wholesalers as well as retailers who need a number of goods which are not accessible in the local marketplace. This is for mass shipments and the store can

Multi Brand Retailing And Its Policy Implications Economics Essay

Multi Brand Retailing And Its Policy Implications Economics Essay With the ongoing wave of globalistaion, the companies are overhauling their approach to business practices worlwide in order to address the Opportunities and Challenges presented by the Multi Polar World. Therefore they are moving from conventional business practices to more geographical flexible approach and are aligning their strategies to the external environment. It is believed that Foreign Investment is a key component in the economic growth of any developing country. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) truly act as catalyst in this context. Indian Retail Sector carry a large prospective for attracting FDI as it is expected to grow three times the current levels.i.e.660 US billion $ by 2015.Large Format Retailers have diminished the idea of Grow local and sell local. But the latest move by the Indian government to allow 51% FDI in Multi Brand Retailing has attracted a huge debate in the country. It has been argued that the reforms will result in greater benefits to the economy, cons umers and farmers but the concerns have been raised by some political parties and trade associations that the outcome would be opposite. Henry Ford, the genius inventor said, Dont find fault, find a remedy. This axiom reverberates ever so relevantly in todays Indian retail sector scenario like never before. In this context, the present paper makes a modest attempt to analyse the controversial issues concerning the influx of FDI in multi brand retailing and also highlights the challenges and threats to all the players involved in it. This paper also reviews that adequate safeguards should be build by the Indian government so that it does not end up in losing proposition. Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, Retail Industry, Organised Retail Industry, Unorganised Retail Industry, Single Brand Retailing, Multi Brand Retailing, E-Retailing SECTION I: Introduction India is a land of Retail Democracy which is characterized by High level of Livelihood through Employment, High level of Self Organisation, Low Capital Input and High Level of Decentralisation. India is the fifth largest Retail Market Globally. Retail contributes approx from 14%-15% of Indias GDP.India has highest Retail Density in the World with 15 million Outlets. A T Kearney, an international management consultancy firm, has acknowledged India as one of the uppermost retail destinations. According to Technopak the Indian Retail economy is jump to mature to US$ 94.4 billion by FY12 and India has all the prospective needed to sustain this growth. According to a study conducted by PWC, Indian Retail Market currently stood at US $ 400 billion in 2009-10 which is approximate to reach US $ 573 billion by 2012-13 and is growing 30%-40% per annum.The India retail market is estimated at US$ 470 Billion in 2011, contributing for 35% of GDP and is expected to rise to US$ 675 Billion by 2016. The trend and the expected Total Retail Market and Organised Retail Market in India is exhibited in Graph 1 and Graph 2. Graph 1 Graph 2 Indian Retail Industry is divided into two sectors: Organised and Unorganised Sector. Indian retail market is highly dominated by decentralized unorganized market, which accounts for about 95% of the sales. The share of organized retailing in India, at around 2%, is too near to the ground, compared to 80% in the USA, 40% in Thailand, or 20% in China, thus leaving the huge market prospective largely intact. But, organised retail industry is one of the budding sectors with massive growth potential and with its emergence; Indian economy is surely going to gain from well capitalized retail industry. Since 1991, Due to Globalisation and Liberalisation, Retail Industry has grown exponentially in form of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Foreign Investment in India is governed by the FDI policy which is announced by the Government of India and the terms of the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) 1999, which was notified by Reserve bank of India This notification has been amended from time to time. The Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India is the nodal agency for monitoring and reviewing the FDI policy on continued basis. The FDI policy is notified through Press Notes by the Secretariat for Industrial Assistance (SIA), Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP). The foreign investors are liberated to invest in India, except few sectors where prior approval from the RBI or Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) would be obligatory. The Government of India recognizes the momentous role played by foreign direct investment in accelerating the economic growth of the country and thus started a swing of economic and financial reforms in 1991. India is now planning to initiate the second generation reforms proposed for a faster assimilation of the Indian economy with the world economy. As an outcome, India has been rapidly altering from a restrictive regime to a liberal one. Many reforms have been done by Indian Government in this context which is shown in the figure1: Figure 1 Among the emerging markets, in 2011, India is ranked as the fourth most Attractive Country for Retail Industry as per the Global Retail Development Index which is developed by A.T Kearney on the basis of 25 macroeconomic and retail specific variables. India is expected to lead one of the best retail economies by 2042s due to good talent pool, huge markets and availability of cheap raw material. Some studies have also state that variables like market size and differences in factor costs were found to be considerable in determining the FDI location as these are very important in determining the market economies and they cannot be achieved and oppressed till the time market achieves a certain size. (Markusen and Maskus, 1999). Foreign players may invest in the form of Single Brand Retailing and Multi Brand Retailing. Organized retail has become a centre of attention for most of the leading international players. Retailing through formats such as supermarkets, hypermarkets, department st ores and other forte chains are swelling. Indias consumers chiefly fit in to the middle and lower financial strata of society and both these segments would desire shopping at multi-brand retail stores which provide them an extensive assortment of price points and options in each product class. A widely held retail companies, 33.6%, cater to the customers falling in Rs 100,000 to Rs 500,000 income group, followed by 26.2% companies catering Rs 500,000 to Rs 1,000, 000 income group, both of which are emergent segments in India.As far as shopping behaviour of Indian consumers is concerned, modern outlets are preferred because they associate entertainment with shopping and now-a-days its a customer delight to go out for shopping and entertainment simultaneously (Sinha 2003). Retail stalwarts such as Wal-Mart, Tesco and Marks Spencer have already made entry into the Indian retail industry and with multi-billion dollar funds by major household players such as Reliance Retail. The US-base d worlds largest retailer Wal-Mart has already recognized its existence in the Indian market through a wholesale cash and carry stores. The company at present operates 17 wholesale cash-and- carry stores under Best Price Modern Wholesale stores in India. This industry is expected to go from strength to strength and have bright future as a number of drivers are aiding the development of the Industry such as improved levels of income and increasing purchasing power etc. In 2006,Indian government sanctioned FDI up to 51% in single brand retailing now this cap has been increased to 100%,last year in November,2011,union cabinet allowed FDI up to 51% in multi brand retailing, but this reform was put on hold as lot of opposition and protest was generated by various state governments, political parties like Trinomial congress, small shopkeepers, small traders, trading associations, industrial associations on certain grounds which has compelled Indian government to scrutinize the long term i mplications of organized retail in India. The government is geared up with the policy and the verdict has already been permitted by the cabinet it is only the matter of removing the finger from the pause button. In this backdrop the Objective of the study is: To discuss the present status and Policy Implications of FDI in Multi Brand Retailing. To Highlight the Major Controversies relating to FDI in Multi Brand Retailing in India. To Discuss the Challenges and Threats to the Foreign Retailers and Domestic Retailers. To provide various Suggestions to all the effected Players through approval of FDI in Multi Brand Retailing. To achieve the objectives of the study, the paper is divided into following sections: SECTION I, the present section gives an overview of FDI in Organised Retail in India followed by SECTION II which contains Review of Literature. SECTION III exhibits the Present Status and the policy implications of FDI in Multi Brand Retailing and also highlights the Major Controversies relating to FDI in Multi Brand Retailng.SECTION IV Highlights the views of the Indian Government and the Foreign Retailers on the Issue followed by SECTION V states the Challenges and Threats which all the Players may encounter with. SECTION VI provides some Suggestions and Recommendations on the matter and SECTION VII entails the Conclusion followed by SECTION VIII gives the details about the References used in the study. SECTION II: Review of Literature Reardon and Hopkins, 2006 Reardon and Berdegue, 2007 states that in underdeveloped countries Modern Retail arrived in Three Consecutive Waves. In the early hours of 1990s, the First Wave took place in South America, East Asia, China, North Central Europe and South Africa. The Second Wave took place in late 1990s in Mexico, Central Europe and Third Wave happened in the late 1990s and early 2000s in Africa, Central and South America, South East Asia, China India, Russia.They also state that the Third Wave Countries lagged behind due to the severe Foreign Policy on FDI in Retail Industry. China and Russia liberalized their FDI policy in 1990s and India did in early 2000s.In 2006, India sanctioned 51% in Single Brand Retail Joint Venture, but Multi Brand was still in debate at that time too.Koshy, Joseph, Partner, Joseph and Joseph law office describes in their article, FDI in Retail Sector, 2006 that Indian government has permitted FDI in several sectors but FDI in retail has been in de bate in the country as it had been opposed by many State Government and Leftist. According to Report, Corporate Hijack of Retail-Retail Dictatorship Vs Retail Democracy by Navdanya/Research foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology, the entry of Giant Corporations like Wal-Mart etc in the Indian Retail Industry will have undeviating impact on 650 million Indian farmers. A Report (Oligopoly Tnc, 2005, the ETC group) states that the main energetic forces in the Food Retail Sector are the Cut Throat Antagonism and Global Integration. If Giant Retail chains get footing in India, it will lead to disarticulation of small retailers and farmers.Dr Mandeep Singh, Associate Prof of Economics, The Earth Institute of Colombia University states in his article FDI in retailing in india, 2010, that the entry gate of FDI regime should be in phased manner as household retailers need adequate time period to adjust changes and compete with global retail giants. A publication by ICT by IANS, Thein dian.com co. ltd, 2010 reveals the view point of heads of various Giant Retailers.FDI in Multi Brand Retailing: Time to expand the Horizons by Parekh, Paresh, Mumbai Agency, DNA, 2010 states that it is necessary to differentiate the Foreign Financial Institutions and Foreign Retailers for permitting FDI as Foreign Financial Institutions bring right talent and know how along with the capital which may be more pertinent to the profitable business in the sector. It also argues that Indian organised retailers may require finance for private equity than a premeditated alliance with foreign retailers. It further predicts that it is worth debating whether to place conditions before permitting FDI like rural employment creation, mandatory investment in back end infrastructure.Mukherjee and Patel,2005 reveal in their study that FDI through organised retailing have optimistic effect on the Indian industry in form of easy access to finance and global best practise through joint ventures Joseph and N sundarrajan,2009(the Indian council for research on international economic relations,ICRIER)in their study that only 17% of small shops were shut down due to competition from organised retailing. Through adoption of better business practise and technology, domestic retailers have competed effectively in opposition to organised retail. There has been an optimistic spill over effect on the Indian economy as its possession advantages get dispersal to household enterprises, thereby enhancing their productivity. SECTION III: Present Status of FDI in Multi Brand Retailing in India and the Major Controversies relating to it and its Policy Implications. 1. Present Status and Proposal as finalised by Indian Government Indian government has opened Indian economy for global players as a part of an accord with World trade organisation (WTO) and also cheering foreign direct investment into the territory. After allowing 100% FDI in Single Brand Retailing, in 2011, UPA Government has allowed the decision of FDI in Multi Brand Retailing. The following proposal has been finalised by the government on this controversial issue: Government has legalized up to 51% of foreign direct investment (FDI) in multi brand retail trade. Fresh agricultural produce including fruits, vegetables, flowers, grains, pulses, fresh poultry, fishery, meat products etc may be unbranded. Minimum amount of US $ 100 million is to be brought in by foreign retailers. Out of the total amount brought in by foreign retailers at least 50% shall be invested in the back end infrastructure i.e. towards processing ,manufacturing ,distribution ,design improvement, quality control, packaging, logistic etc. At least 30% of manufactured or processed products shall be procured from small domestic industries by the foreign retailers which have the total investment not exceeding US $ 1 million (without providing depreciation). Retail stores shall be established only in cities with population of more than 10 lakhs as per 2011 census and shall also cover area of 10 kilometres around the municipal/urban agglomeration limits of such cities. 2. Controversies relating to FDI in Multi Brand Retailing Many Opponent political parties mainly BJP and Trinamool Congress have strongly protested against this decision. The most inopportune part is the UPA Governments validation of execution actions to be kept invulnerable from parliamentary approval. Quit FDI Day was observed on 9th august, 2012 to protest against FDI in multi brand retailing by staging dharnas. According to Praveen Khandelwal, Secretary General of Confederation of All India Traders, foreign investments by global giant retailers would lead to closure of small business and lakhs of people will be jobless. He further added that its highly undemocratic if Government will form an accord without traders assent. This issue have been encircled by number of controversies. The predicament arises whether opening up of FDI in multi-brand retail will build problems or endow with opportunities to local retailers. There is no appropriate response and apparent views have been seen in the favour and against FDI in multi-brand retailing. Some of the controversies are listed below: Figure 2 1. Do India really need foreign retailers? ACTUALITY: Indian economy is small with restricted superfluous capital and is already in force on budget deficit. India need trillions of dollars to build its infrastructure and other facilities, its simply not probable to back this expansion by domestic investors and Indian government, therefore international investment capital through FDI in obligatory. Apart from capital, Indian retail industry also call for knowledge and global amalgamation which can only be brought in by global retail leaders which can potentially unlock export markets for domestic farmers and producers. 2. Entry of Foreign Retailers in Multi Brand retailing will impact Indian Agrarian Community? 3. Entry of Giant Retailer will result in Shutting down of independent stores leading to enormous job losses, only few jobs would be created but millions will be vanished? ACTUALITY: Instead of job losses, retail reforms are likely to bring gigantic advancement in the Indian jobs as organised retail will call for workforce then millions of additional jobs will be formed during the building of and the maintence of retail stores,roads,cold storage centres, software industry and other retail supporting organisations.Walmart alone would employ 5.6 million citizens if it swell in India as much as their charisma in the USA and also if the staffing level is reserved at the same level as in the US stores. The accepted jobs in prospect Indian organised retail would total over 85 million. 4. Foreign players may practise dumping, get competition out of the way as they may become monopoly and raise prices? ACTUALITY: Since 30 years, over 350 global retail companies like Wal-Mart, Carrefour, Tesco, Coop etc with annual sales over $ 1 billion have operated in several countries. Competition between Wal-Mart like retailers has set aside food prices in check. Country like Canada credits its near to the ground inflation rates to Wal-Mart outcome. Price inflation in such countries has been 5-10 times lesser than price inflation in India. The consumer price inflation in Europe and US is less than 2% in comparison to Indias double digit Inflation.Anti- Trust Laws and State Regulations like in Indian penal code have prevented Food Monopolies all over the world. 5. Indians will work hard and foreigners will reap profits? ACTUALITY: With execution of 51% FDI limit in Multi Brand Retailing, just about half of the returns will remain in India as profits will be subject to taxes which will trim down the Budget Deficit of Indian Government. Eventually, retail companies will get returns all the way through hard work and by creating value. 6. Will Giant Retailers be able to avoid Pollution in terms of Carbon Footprints? ACTUALITY: This question has mix response as India is already reeling with managing environmental crisis. India would not be able to avoid polluting more with the advent of large scale retail chains in India and it would make even harder to meet global norms. According to a survey, the Net GHG( Green House Gas) emission of 2005 of major Retailers -Wal-Mart, Carrefour, Tesco collectively was about 20 million metric tonnes which is corresponding to the 80 most polluting countries in the world. SECTION IV: Views of the Major Players 1. What Indian Government say on FDI in Multi Brand Retailing? Inspite of lot of strong opposition on FDI in multi brand retailing, Indian government has been trying to counterfeit an accord on this extremely contentious issue, but several states still remain opposed to this idea. Till now only 10-11 Indian states and union territories like Delhi, Uttrakhand, Manipur, and Rajasthan etc have supported the centres decision to permit FDI in Multi Brand Retailing. Delhis Chief Minister, Shiela Dikshit stated that FDI in Multi Brand retailing will benefit the Indian economy in many ways. She further states that this proposal would help in improving infrastructure, reduce waste, minimize the role of middlemen, reduce food inflation, stabilize prices, improve Agro Commodities management address gaps relating to post harvest infrastructure. The Indian Government need FDI to meet its foreign exchange requirements and government also believes that only global retailers can satisfy the rising and varied demands of Indian consumers.FDI in Multi Brand Retail ing would improve the Agricultural Marketing, Revenue to the Government could also increase as large portion of Indian sector is unorganised and has low tax compliance. Profound FDI in the Multi-Brand Retail sector will upshot in gainful employment opportunities in agro-processing, sorting, marketing, logistics management and front-end retail management. In the next three years, minimum 10 million jobs will be produced in the retail sector. It will assist farmers to get prices over the MSP by omitting manipulative middlemen. MNC Retailers and Foreign Retail Giants will make certain supply chain efficiencies for incessant supply of the products. Policy to make an urge for investing minimum of $100 million and out of which at least half the amount must be invested in back-end infrastructure, including cold chains storages, refrigeration, transportation, packing, sorting and processing which would definitely help in condensing post-harvest losses and costs. A condition to acquire minim um of 30% of goods from Indian micro and small industry will promote domestic manufacturing, thereby creating a manifold outcome for employment, technology up gradation and income creation. At the World Economic Forum 2012 in Davos, Indias Commerce and Industry Minister Anand Sharma told Wal-Mart president Doug McMillon and Metro board member Frans Muller that Indias resolution to put foreign direct investment (FDI) in multi-brand retail on hold was just a pause strained by opposition. He further stated that the government is committed to take forward the reform agenda as the Indian retail market has massive scope for growth and development but many Indian retailers face a crunch in terms of financial support and supply chain management.So foreign players can come in and help them. He also said that FDI in multi brand retailing will not only improve the quality of goods but it will also enhance competitiveness. He also made a statement that no state will be forced to put into practi ce FDI in Multi Brand retailing.Uttrakand Chief Minister Vijay Bahuguna also favoured FDI in Multi Brand retailing saying that availability of Cold Storages and Proper Marketing Facilities will reduce the damage to the Agri-Horticulture-Organic produce which would ultimately result in increase in the income of rural farmers. The Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission, Mr Montek Singh Ahluwalia also totally favours opening up of the sector for FDI. Apart from Trinamool Congress the idea of FDI in multi brand retailing has been opposed by many other ministers and political parties. Minister of State for Commerce and Industry Jyotiraditya Scindia stated his view to the Rajya Sabha in written that without adequate safeguards FDI in multi-brand retail will lead to prevalent disarticulation and poor treatment of Indian workers in retail, logistics, agriculture and manufacturing. A written petition has been filed by Vandana Shiva, an NGO activist, in the Delhi High Court alleging that Bharti Wal-Mart and Bharti Retail are directly and indirectly carrying out retail trading in multi-brand in contravention of the FDI policy.BJP is also opposing entry of Foreign Direct Investment in multi-brand retail in the country on the ground that it will be an injustice to small traders.BJP leader LK Advani also said that sanctioning foreign brands to do retail trade in India is an injustice to retailers as it leave many small traders jobless.BJP P resident Nitin Gadkari stated that the countrys economic condition is in a sorry state because of UPA governments erroneous economic policies, crooked practices and visionless leadership. Former BJP National President Rajnath Singh claimed that, If FDI is introduced in retail sector; it will break the backbone of Indian economy. According to Mr Viren Shah, President of Federation of Retail Traders Welfare Association and Mr B.C. Bhartia, National Federation of All India Traders, with the Entry of Global Giant Retailers into Multi Brand Retailing, the interests of the small retailers would be compromised. 2. What Foreign Retailers say on FDI in Multi Brand Retailing? The President and CEO of Wal-Mart International, Mr Doug McMillon said at the World Economic Forums Annual Meeting that FDI in Multi Brand Retailing will not impact the fortunes of small shopkeepers. He further stated by giving an example that after 20 years of retail business in Mexico,50% of retailing in Mexico is still done informally and fear of shutting down of independent and kirana stores is overstated. He also admitted that operating in India would pose challenges due to Regulations and High Real Estate prices in India. According to the CEO of US based Discount Department FDI in Multi Brand Retailing will help address inflation concerns for consumers as well as it will benefit the farmers in India. SECTION V: Challenges and Threats to the Players Retail industry is the second largest employer in India and has remarkable growth potential and on the other hand foreign players have deeper pockets, ability and are in need to invest constantly to enlarge. In economies like china and japan,the retail industry are slowly reaching towards saturation point and many retailer are confronting increasing margin pressures.Therefore,global giant retailers are attracted towards developing economies like India which is mounting at a hasty velocity. Global retailers are interested to invest in India due to increasing urbanisation and favourable consumer base.FDI in multi brand retailing will generate employment opportunities, income, technology transfer and economic stability but still there are several factors like government regulations, lack of ample infrastructure and inadequate investments are the probable bottlenecks for retail companies. It may pose advantages as well as challenge for domestic retailer, foreign retailers and also for th e Indian government. Therefore some of the challenges and threats are listed below in this context. FDI in Multi Brand retailing may lead to large scale disarticulation of employed in retail sector due to unfair competition which may eventually result in mass departure of domestic retailers. The domestic retailers may not be able to endure in the ex-parte competition as the Indian retail sector especially organised is in an embryonic stage. The existing firms may mislay their self competitive potency if they join forces with global biggies. Any MNC going to set up a multi-brand retail store across India will have to countenance vast licensing obligations in each state of its operation which could be a major obstacle in the way of FDI in multi-brand retail, they will have to get approval for investment as well from the central regulatory authority which, at present, is the Foreign investment promotion Board (FIPB). The foreign players may encounter Red-Tapism as prior to investment approval their application has to pass through various transfer channels which is highly subjugated by bureaucrats resulting in impediment in decision making leading to disinterested corporate giants. Although there are number of anti-corruption cells and acts in India but still corruption could be a major obstacle for foreign investors. No doubt there is availability of cheap labour in India but most of them are unskilled therefore foreign investors may require to provide training and development to them to administer advance retail chains. In 2008-10, rigorous financial damage was caused to investors worldwide due to inflation but Indian economy remained modest affected because of partial open economy. But FDI in multi brand retailing would escort to persistent threats due to revolution in business cycles of global partners. Today India already has foreign debt, trade deficit and current account deficit which mean nearly all resources and transactions in India are owned or financed by Foreign Nations resulting in killing of Indian rupee due to Foreign Currency influence which can be witnessed in Rising Commodity Prices, Rising Fuel Prices and Rising Debts. FDI in retail may impact Indian small and medium Manufacturing sector which is already dented by China Products which will further them hurt. In current Inflation Stricken Economy, Indian Government need to be careful while permitting FDI in Muti-Brand Retailing as it fears to hurt the sentiments of Middlemen, Farmers and Owners of mom and pop stores. SECTION VI: Suggestions and Recommendations Being a controversial issue, no doubt Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Multi Brand Retailing is expected to transform the Indian Retail landscape in a noteworthy way. The global organised players would bring in the much needed investment that would incite the further growth of the sector which is particularly important for nourishment of some of the domestic retailers which lack requisite resources to ride out the storm during an economic slump. The technical know-how, global best practices, quality standards and cost competitiveness brought forth through FDI would portend well for the domestic players to harvest the necessary support to protract their growth. The infrastructure support would definitely help to improve the backend processes of the supply chain and enable to purge wastages and augment the operational efficiency.FDI in multi-brand retail would in no way imperil the employed in the unorganised retail sector. On the contrary, it would pilot to the conception of million s of jobs as substantial infrastructure capabilities would be needed to cater to the changing lifestyle needs of the urban Indian who is keen on allocating the disposable income. The numerous intermediaries would be restricted and the farmers would get to enjoy a bigger share of the pie. Despite of numerous advantages, this matter has been opposed by many political parties, small traders etc on certain grounds like it may have adverse impact on Agrarian Community, environmental issues, loss of jobs, creation of monopoly and so on. Political parties have opposed to this move pointing that it will be suicidal for small and marginal farmers and would affect thousands of traders in the sector.Hence, FDI in multi brand retailing is a conflicting and very sensitive matter, therefore the foreign retailers as well as the Indian government need to take rationale decision before implementing proposed reforms. So few suggestions and recommendations are listed below in this regard: The first basic step needed for reforming Indian retail sector is providing it an industry status which will not only facilitate better financial processes but also enable prudent practices. Policy clarification is required to authorize giant global players which will augment the confidence of the foreign investors and the sector should be opened for giant firms in calibrated manner. A serious revision of the labour laws is required to strengthen the retail industry. All laws should be suitably changed and reasonably modified. The government should provide a Single Window Clearance System which will rationalize license process allied with the establishment and administration of retail stores and a uniform license regim can be implemented in all the states. The government can create retail and entertainment zones (REZ) similar to SEZ and necessary exemptions like stamp duty, octroi etc could be provided to foreign retailers operating within them which will help in reducing prices. A tax incentive in the form of 100% deduction on expenditure incurred on the employment of fresh personnel and weighted deduction for payment made by retailers towards training and development to their staff in order to improve their expertise can be allowed. This will help in promoting employment in the retail sector. Government must assist in creation of farmer coopera